The difference—and Allah knows best—is that prayer is a repeated duty, so requiring its make-up would impose undue hardship, whereas fasting is not of that nature.

[It is forbidden for a menstruating woman to touch the muṣḥaf directly]
C – A menstruating woman is forbidden to touch the muṣḥaf (the physical copy of the Quran) without a barrier. The evidence is His statement, “None may touch it except those who are purified” (Al-Wāqiʿah 56:79) ⦗1⦘, and the directive recorded in the letter the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent to ʿAmr ibn Ḥazm: “No one may touch the muṣḥaf except a person in a state of purity.” ⦗2⦘ This report is near-mutawātir, for the community has received it with acceptance. Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH) said: “The four Imams are agreed that only one who is pure may touch the muṣḥaf.”

As for a menstruating woman reciting the Quran without touching the muṣḥaf, the scholars have differed. The more cautious view is that she should not recite it unless there is a necessity, such as fear of forgetting what she has memorised. Allah knows best.

[It is forbidden for a menstruating woman to perform ṭawāf around the Kaʿbah]
D – A menstruating woman is forbidden to circumambulate the House, for the Prophet ﷺ said to ʿĀʾishah when she began menstruating, “Do what the pilgrim does, except that you must not circumambulate the House until you become pure.” ⦗3⦘

[It is forbidden for a menstruating woman to remain in the mosque]
E – A menstruating woman is forbidden to stay in the mosque, because the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “Indeed I…"