The correct view, however, is that doing so is permissible—exactly like combining Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ—whenever the mud or rain is so heavy that it causes hardship. Hence, if one brings Zuhr and ʿAṣr together by performing both during the earlier time (jamʿ taqdīm), there is no objection, just as with Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ, whether the combination is made at the start of the time or in its middle. (1)

As for ʿAṣr, it may not, under any excuse, be joined to the Friday prayer, because Jumuʿah is a distinct act of worship with its own conditions, form, pillars, and reward. The prophetic practice only mentions combining Zuhr and ʿAṣr; there is no report that the Prophet ﷺ ever combined ʿAṣr with Jumuʿah. Therefore, Jumuʿah cannot be analogised to Zuhr. If, however, a traveller prays Zuhr on a Friday without attending Jumuʿah with the residents, there is no harm in his joining ʿAṣr to it, for Jumuʿah is not obligatory upon the traveller. Indeed, during the Farewell Pilgrimage—on Friday, the Day of ʿArafah—the Prophet ﷺ combined Zuhr and ʿAṣr with a single call to prayer and two iqāmas, and he did not perform Jumuʿah. Anyone who, because of an excuse, joins ʿAṣr to Jumuʿah must repeat the ʿAṣr prayer, for he has prayed it before its time.