their arrival from a journey, and this was regarded as recommended practice among the early generations (1).

Fourth: The legal foundation for shortening the prayer while travelling rests on the Quran, the Sunnah, and the consensus (ijmāʿ):

1. Quranic evidence: Allah the Exalted says, “When you journey through the land, there is no blame upon you for shortening the prayer, if you fear that those who disbelieve may attack you. The disbelievers are ever your clear enemy.” (2)

Yaʿlā ibn Umayyah reported: “I said to ʿUmar ibn al-Khattāb concerning the verse, ‘There is no blame upon you for shortening the prayer if you fear that those who disbelieve may attack you,’ yet nowadays people feel secure. He replied, ‘I was puzzled by the same thing, so I asked the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about it, and he said, “It is a charity that Allah has granted you; accept His charity.”’” (3)

2. Prophetic practice: Numerous, mutually corroborated reports state that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ shortened the prayer on all his journeys—whether on pilgrimage, ʿumrah, or military campaign. ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar, may Allah be pleased with them both, said, “I accompanied the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and he never performed more than…"