—the strength of the body and its training for warfare, and the strength of the heart and its experience in it. What is praiseworthy in either of these is that which rests on knowledge and discernment, not on reckless impetuosity whose practitioner neither reflects nor distinguishes between what is laudable and what is blameworthy. Hence the truly strong and formidable person is the one who can master himself when angered so that he does only what is fitting, whereas the man who is overcome by his anger is neither courageous nor strong.
Patience in the Face of Calamities
We have already noted that the sum of all this is patience, for without it none of the foregoing is possible. Patience is of two kinds: patience at the moment of anger and patience at the moment of affliction. Al-Hasan said, “No servant ever swallowed a draught greater than the draught of forbearance in anger and the draught of patience in calamity.” The root of both is endurance of what is painful, and the brave, powerful person is the one who endures pain.
If the painful matter is something that can be repelled, it provokes anger; if it is something that cannot be repelled, it provokes grief. For that reason the face reddens in anger—the blood surges when one senses ability—whereas it turns pale in sorrow because the blood retreats when one senses inability.
For this very reason the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—combined the two in the sound hadith recorded by Muslim from Ibn Masʿūd. The Prophet said, “Whom do you count among you as bereft (raqūb)?” They replied, “The one who has no children.” He said, “That is not the bereft one; rather, the bereft is the man who has not sent any of his children on ahead (to the Hereafter).” Then he asked, “Whom do you regard among you as the champion wrestler (ṣurʿah)?” We replied, “The man whom other men cannot throw down.” He said, “That is not the champion wrestler; rather, the champion wrestler is the one who controls himself when angry.” In this way he referred to what entails patience when calamity strikes.