6. The word ḍalāl is also used for loss or disappearance; hence the expression ḍāllat al-ibil (1), a camel that has gone astray.

7. Apostasy: its categories and legal rulings.
   Linguistically, ridda means “to turn back.” Allah says, “Do not turn back on your heels” (al-Māʾidah 5:21), that is, do not retreat. In juristic terminology, ridda is disbelief after one has entered Islam. Allah states, “Whoever among you turns back from his religion and dies while an unbeliever—their deeds will come to nothing in this world and the Hereafter; those are the companions of the Fire, abiding therein forever” (al-Baqarah 2:217).

Its categories: Apostasy occurs when a person commits any act that nullifies Islam. The nullifiers are many, but they may be grouped under four headings:

1. Apostasy by speech: such as reviling Allah, His Messenger ﷺ, His angels, or any of His messengers; claiming knowledge of the unseen; claiming prophethood; believing someone who claims it; or supplicating