and separate them in their beds). The ḥadith is, through both of its routes, either ḥasan or ṣaḥīḥ; see Naqd al-Tāj, no. 80. The Shāfiʿīs hold this view as recorded in al-Majmūʿ (2/11), and it is also the opinion adopted by al-Shawkānī (1/260).

9 – An insane person is not required to make up the prayers missed during his insanity, whether the interval was brief or prolonged. This is the position of the Shāfiʿī school and is likewise related from Mālik and Aḥmad, as stated in al-Majmūʿ (2/6–7). It is also the view of Ibn Ḥazm (2/233–234) and was chosen by Shaykh al-Islām (19).

10 – The same ruling applies to one who loses consciousness: he is not obliged to make up the prayers missed in that state. This is the view of the aforementioned authorities, and Ibn Ḥazm transmits it from Ibn ʿUmar, Ṭāwūs, al-Hirī, al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, Ibn Sīrīn, and ʿĀṣim ibn Bahdala.

11 – A disbeliever who embraces Islam is likewise under no obligation to make up past prayers, for the Prophet ﷺ said, “Islam effaces whatever preceded it.” Musnad Aḥmad (4:198–199, 204, 205) through several chains from ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ.

12 – As for one who was asleep, he must perform any prayers he missed while sleeping: “If any of you sleeps through a prayer or forgets it, let him pray it when he remembers, for Allah says, ‘Establish the prayer for My remembrance.’” Muslim.

1 – Zuhr (1)
The earliest time for the Zuhr prayer begins when the sun passes the meridian, and its latest time is when the time for