16
Chapter (1)
Another class of rights concerns marriage. Judgment between spouses must be rendered in accordance with Allah Most High’s command that a husband either retain his wife honorably or release her graciously. She must obey him and, in his absence, safeguard herself and his property, as Allah Most High has commanded. Each spouse must willingly and wholeheartedly fulfill the other’s rights. (2)
The wife has rights over both his wealth and his person. Her financial rights are the dower and reasonable maintenance. If the dower is immediately payable—which is what is called:
(1) The chapter may be summarized as follows, as it appears in the other manuscripts—we have placed significant variants in brackets:
“A woman has rights over a man concerning his wealth, namely the *sadāq* (dower) and reasonable maintenance, and rights concerning his person, namely companionship and sexual fulfillment. Thus, if he swears an oath of abstinence (*īlā’*) from her, she is entitled to separation by the consensus of the Muslims. Likewise, if he is *majbūb* (one whose penis has been severed) or *‘innīn* (impotent) and cannot have intercourse with her, she is entitled to separation. According to most scholars, he is obliged to have intercourse with her.
It has also been said that this is not obligatory, since the instinctive impulse [Zā: ‘natural impulse’] is sufficient. The correct view, however, is that it is obligatory, as demonstrated by the Book, the Sunnah, and foundational principles. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) saw that ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Amr was devoting himself excessively to fasting and prayer, he told him: ‘Your wife has a right over you.’
It has further been said that he must have intercourse with her once every four months. Another view is that he must do so in a customary and reasonable manner, according to his capacity and need, just as he must provide reasonable maintenance. This view is more likely correct. A man has the right to enjoy his wife whenever he wishes, provided that he neither harms her nor prevents her from fulfilling an obligation. She must therefore make herself available to him accordingly [Yā: ‘for that’].
She may not leave his home except with his permission or with authorization from the Lawgiver. Jurists differ as to whether she must perform household duties, such as making the beds, sweeping, cooking, and similar tasks. Some say that she must; others say that she need not; and still others say that she is required to perform only the lighter duties [Bā: ‘and similar tasks’].”
(2) From this point to the end of the chapter (p. 216) appears only in the base manuscript.
فصل (١)
ومن الحقوق: الأبضاع، فالواجب الحُكم بين الزوجين بما أمر الله تعالى به من إمساكٍ بمعروف أو تسريحٍ بإحسان، وعليها طاعته وحِفظ الغيب في نفسها وماله كما أمر الله تعالى. ويجب على كلٍّ من الزوجين أن يؤدِّي إلى الآخر حقوقَه بطِيب نفسٍ وانشراح صدرٍ. (٢) فأما المرأة؛ فلها عليه حقٌّ في ماله، ولها حقٌّ في بدنه، فأما المال؛ فالصداق والنفقة بالمعروف. فإن كان الصداق حالًّا ــ وهو الذي يسمى:
(١) ملخص الفصل كما في بقية النسخ ــ وضعنا الفروق المهمة بين الأقواس ــ: «فإن للمرأة على الرجل حقًّا في ماله وهو الصداق والنفقة بالمعروف، وحقًّا في بدنه وهو العشرة والمتعة، بحيث لو آلى منها استحقت الفرقة بإجماع المسلمين، وكذلك لو كان مجبوبًا أو عنينًا لا يمكنه جماعها فلها الفرقة. ووطؤها واجب عليه عند أكثر العلماء.
وقد قيل: إنه لا يجب اكتفاء بالباعث الطبعي [ظ: الطبيعي]، والصواب أنه واجب كما دل عليه الكتاب والسنة والأصول، وقد قال النبي ﷺ لعبد الله بن عمرو لما رآه يكثر الصوم والصلاة: «إن لزوجك عليك حقًّا».
ثم قيل: يجب عليه وطؤها كل أربعة أشهر مرة، وقيل: يجب وطؤها بالمعروف على قدر قوته وحاجته كما تجب النفقة بالمعروف كذلك وهذا أشبه. وللرجل عليها أن يتمتع بها متى شاء ما لم يضرّ بها أو يشغلها عن واجب، فيجب عليها أن تمكنه كذلك [ي: من ذلك].
ولا تخرج من منزله إلا بإذنه أو بإذن الشارع. واختلف الفقهاء هل عليها خدمة المنزل كالفرش والكنس والطبخ ونحو ذلك؟ فقيل: يجب عليها، وقيل: لا يجب، وقيل: يجب الخفيف منه [ب: ونحو ذلك]».
(٢) من هنا إلى آخر الفصل (ص ٢١٦) من الأصل فقط.