Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyyaIbn Taimiya

Al-Hasan said (1), “It was a statement Muʿāwiya heard from the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—by which Allah benefited him.”

The Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—also said, “Whoever falls into any of these filthy deeds should conceal himself beneath Allah’s concealment. For whoever reveals to us what he has done, we shall apply the Book of Allah to him” (2).

The ruler should not let people know that he is aware of the sins they have concealed if he is not going to punish them for those sins. Doing so alienates their hearts and stirs up discord to no benefit.

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“The rights of Allah” is a comprehensive designation for everything that secures a public benefit not confined to any particular individual, or averts a public harm, whether in religious or worldly affairs. This includes overseeing mosques and their imams and muezzins, charitable endowments, roads, and landed estates; reviving the Prophetic sunnahs; eradicating [أ/ق 61] misguiding innovations; promoting (3) those whose service will be beneficial in these and other matters—chosen from the best of people and from people of religion and knowledge, righteousness and piety, in every class of society; and avoiding people of sin and aggression, scheming and deceit, lying and unprincipled compromise, as well as attending to other public interests. The Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—personally attended to most of this, appointed deputies over matters in distant places, and entrusted certain matters to those who were present with him.

(1) The sources attribute this statement to Abū al-Dardā—may Allah be pleased with him. (2) Recorded by Mālik in *al-Muwatta* (2386), and through him by al-Shāfiī in *al-Umm* (7:349, 367–368), and by al-Bayhaqī (8:326), as a mursal report from Zayd ibn Aslam. Al-Shāfiī said, “This hadith has a disconnected chain and does not, by itself, establish an authoritative proof.” Al-Hākim also recorded a similar report (4:244) from Ibn Umar—may Allah be pleased with him and his father—and said, “It is authentic according to the criteria of al-Bukhārī and Muslim.” (3) The original reads: “and preceded.”
قال الحسن (١): كلمةٌ سمعها معاويةُ من النبي ﷺ نفعه الله بها. وقال النبي ﷺ: «من ابتُلي من هذه القاذورات بشيء فليَسْتَتِر بستر الله، فإنه من يُبْدِ لنا صَفْحَتَه نُقِمْ عليه كتابَ الله» (٢). ولا ينبغي له أن يُظْهِر للناس أنه يعرف ما أخفوه من سيئاتهم إذا لم يُعاقِب عليه، فإنَّ ذلك يغير قلوبَهم ويحرِّك الفتنةَ بلا فائدة. فصلٌ حقوق الله: اسمٌ جامع لكل ما فيه منفعة عامة لا تختصُّ بمعين، أو دَفْع مضرة عامة بما يتعلق بالدين أو الدنيا، كالنظر في المساجد وأئمتها ومؤذنيها، والوقوف والطرقات والضِّياع، وإحياء السنن النبوية، وإماتة [أ/ق ٦١] البدع المُضِلَّة، وتقديم (٣) من ينتفع به في ذلك وغيره من خيار الناس، وأهل الدين والعلم، والبر والتقوى من كل صِنف من أصناف الناس، ومجانبة ذوي الإثم والعدوان، وأهل الحيلة والخديعة، والكذب والإدْهان، وغير ذلك من المصالح العامة. وقد كان النبي ﷺ يتولى بنفسه عامة ذلك، ويستنيب فيما بَعُدَ عنه، ويوكِّل في بعض الأمور لمن حضر عنده.
(١) الذي في المصادر نسبة هذا القول لأبي الدرداء ﵁. (٢) أخرجه مالك في «الموطأ» (٢٣٨٦)، ومن طريقه الشافعي في «الأم»: (٧/ ٣٤٩، ٣٦٧ - ٣٦٨)، والبيهقي: (٨/ ٣٢٦) من مرسل زيد بن أسلم. قال الشافعي: «هذا حديث منقطع، ليس مما يثبت به هو نفسه حجة». وأخرجه الحاكم: (٤/ ٢٤٤) بنحوه عن ابن عمر ﵄ وقال: صحيح على شرط الشيخين. (٣) الأصل: «وتقدم».

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