to be a physician (1).
Rulers and scholars are the physicians of the people. Thus, when Abū al-Dardā assumed the office of judge, Salmān wrote to him: “I have heard that you have set yourself up as a physician, so beware lest you kill a Muslim” (2).
Umar—may Allah be pleased with him—used to say, “I am no deceiver, nor can a deceiver fool me” (3).
They also said, “Umar was too scrupulous to deceive and too intelligent to be deceived” (4).
The praiseworthy soundness of the heart is its freedom from maladies such as doubts and reprehensible traits, including hypocrisy, rancor, envy, miserliness, cowardice, lust for fornication, arrogance, and the like.
As for ignorance of realities, it is not in itself praiseworthy, for knowledge is an attribute of perfection, and beneficial knowledge is either obligatory or recommended. Governance through judgment and experience surpasses governance through courage and strength (5) and is more beneficial.
By these means Allah raises people in rank, as He said in the account of Joseph—peace be upon him—: