Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya - Ibn Taimiya - (الكتاب/103)

Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyyaIbn Taimiya

When the highway robbers form a group (1), one of them may personally carry out the killing while the others aid and support him. It has been said that only the direct perpetrator is to be executed. The majority, however, hold that all of them are to be executed, even if they number one hundred, and that the supporter and the direct perpetrator are treated alike. This is the position transmitted from (2) the Rightly Guided Caliphs: Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, executed the highway robbers’ lookout (3). A lookout is one who keeps watch (4), sitting at an elevated place to see who may be approaching them. This is because the direct perpetrator was able to carry out the killing only through the strength and assistance provided by those supporting him.

When the members of a group reinforce one another until they become a force capable of resistance, they share in reward and punishment, as do those who fight in jihad. The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “The lives of Muslims are of equal worth; even the least of them may grant protection binding upon them all; they are united against all others; and those who go forth in a detachment share their gains with those who remain behind” (5).

This means that if a detachment goes forth from the Muslim army (6) and captures some property as spoils, then

(1) In the original manuscript, this was corrupted to *hamāqa* (“foolishness”)! (2) (ل) adds: “the scholars.” (3) This is mentioned in *al-Mudawwana* (6/301) and in *Tahdhīb al-Mudawwana* (4/460) by al-Barādhi‘i. The author also states in *al-Fatāwā* (14/84; 30/326) and *al-Minhāj* (6/279) that Umar used to order this. (4) (ي، ز) read: “the *nāzūr* (watchman).” The wording in (ل) is corrupt, despite the copyist’s attempt to correct it. (5) Narrated by Ahmad (959), Abū Dāwūd (4530), and al-Nasā’ī (4734), on the authority of Ali, may Allah be pleased with him. Ahmad (6796), Abū Dāwūd (2751), and al-Hākim (2/141)—who did not provide its chain of transmission—also narrated it through Amr ibn Shuayb, from his father, from his grandfather. It has corroborating reports from several Companions and is authentic on the strength of these reports. (6) (ي) reads: *sārat minhu* (“a detachment went forth from it”); (ب): *sārat sariyya* (“a detachment went forth”); (ز): *tasarrat minhum* (“a detachment went forth from among them”); and (ف، ظ): *tasarrat minhu* (“a detachment went forth from it”).

وإذا كان المحاربون الحرامية جماعة (١) فالواحدُ منهم باشَر القتلَ بنفسه والباقون أعوانٌ له ورِدْء له، فقد قيل: إنه يُقتل المباشرُ فقط، والجمهور على أن الجميع يقتلون ولو كانوا مئة، وأن الرِّدْء والمباشر سواء، وهذا هو المأثور عن (٢) الخلفاء الراشدين، فإن عمر بن الخطاب ﵁ قَتَل ربيئة المحاربين (٣). والربيئة هو: الناظر (٤) الذي يجلس على مكان عال ينظر منه لهم من يجيء؛ ولأن المباشر إنما تمكَّن من قَتْله بقوة الرِّدْء ومعونته. والطائفة إذا انتصر بعضُها ببعضٍ حتى صاروا ممتنعين، فهم مشتركون في الثواب والعقاب كالمجاهدين، فإن النبي ﷺ قال: «المسلمون تتكافأ دماؤهم، ويسعى بذِمَّتهم أدناهم، وهم يدٌ على مَن سواهم، ويرُدُّ متسرِّيهم على قاعِدِهم» (٥). يعني أن جيش المسلمين إذا برزت منهم (٦) سرية فغنمت مالًا، فإن

(١) تحرفت في الأصل إلى: «حماقة»! (٢) (ل) زيادة: «العلماء». (٣) ذكره في «المدونة»: (٦/ ٣٠١)، و «تهذيبها»: (٤/ ٤٦٠) للبراذعي، وقد ذكر المصنف في «الفتاوى»: (١٤/ ٨٤)، (٣٠/ ٣٢٦)، وفي «المنهاج»: (٦/ ٢٧٩) أن عمر كان يأمر بذلك. (٤) (ي، ز): «الناظور». والعبارة محرفة في (ل) مع محاولة الناسخ إصلاحها. (٥) أخرجه أحمد (٩٥٩)، وأبو داود (٤٥٣٠)، والنسائي (٤٧٣٤) عن علي ﵁. وأخرجه أحمد (٦٧٩٦) وأبو داود (٢٧٥١)، والحاكم: (٢/ ١٤١) ــ ولم يَسُق سنده ــ عن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده به. وله شواهد من حديث عدد من الصحابة، وهو صحيح بشواهده. (٦) (ي): «سرت منه»، (ب): «سرت سرية»، (ز): «تسرت منهم»، (ف، ظ): «تسرت منه».