Baḥīrā the Monk (1) was the one who discerned the Prophet-hood of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ when the latter accompanied his uncle Abū Ṭālib on a trading journey to Syria with a group of Meccan merchants. The Prophet was then twelve (2) years old. Baḥīrā saw a cloud shading him alone. He therefore prepared a meal in their honor and invited them, as will be explained in detail in the Sīrah (3).
Al-Tirmidhī has transmitted a ḥadīth about this incident, and we have discussed it at length in its proper place. The ḥadith scholar Ibn ʿAsākir (4) cites corroborating and unobjectionable reports in his biography of Baḥīrā, yet he does not mention the narration related by al-Tirmidhī—an odd omission.
Ibn ʿAsākir further states that Baḥīrā lived in a village called al-Kafr, six miles from Buṣrā, the site known as “Dayr Baḥīrā.” He also says that some maintain he resided in a village called Manfaʿah in al-Balqāʾ beyond Zayzāʾ (5). And Allah knows best.
As for the construction (ʿimārah) of al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Grand Mosque), this task and the siqāyah (water-supply) were assigned to al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muttalib. The siqāyah is self-explanatory, and as for the construction, no one else was permitted to undertake its maintenance on his behalf, for they could not prevent him: the principal leaders (malāʾ) of Quraysh had all agreed to it and thus supported him.
The banner of war (al-ʿuqāb) was entrusted to Abu Sufyān, who was its standard-bearer. When warfare intensified, whoever Quraysh collectively approved would bear it; if they could not agree on anyone, they would take direction from its current holder.
The responsibility for provisioning stranded pilgrims (al-rifādah) lay with al-Ḥārith ibn ʿĀmir ibn Nawfal. Al-rifādah consisted of the funds Quraysh contributed whenever a pilgrim ran out of resources.
The duty of counsel (al-mashūrah) was vested in Yazīd ibn Rabīʿah ibn al-Aswad ibn al-Mullāṭib ibn Asad, who was slain at the Battle of Ṭāʾif alongside the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. In every matter, Quraysh did not proceed until they consulted him: if he concurred, they took his silence as approval; if he hesitated, they pressed him until he withdrew his objection.
The custody of the Kaʿbah’s treasury and keys (al-sadānah) fell to ʿUthmān ibn Abī Ṭalḥah ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā.
The supervision of blood-money (al-ashyāq, literally “the peers”) was held by Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. Whoever he agreed to represent in a claim, Quraysh honored it and fulfilled his obligations; if he refused, they withdrew their support.
The levy known as the qubbah and the management of Quraysh’s cavalry in the Jahiliyya (al-aʿnnah) belonged to Khālid ibn al-Walīd. The qubbah was a tax they collected to provide for the living expenses of the troops.
The office of ambassador (al-sifārah) was exercised by ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb: whenever war broke out between Quraysh and another group, he was sent as their envoy; if he quarreled with them, or exchanged boasts and challenges with their champions, they still retained him as diplomat and were satisfied with his representation.
The administration of the sanctuary’s revenue and the offerings dedicated to their gods (al-hukūmah wa-al-nawāl al-muḥajjarah) was assigned to al-Ḥārith ibn Qays ibn ʿAbbād.
Finally, the registers of tribal genealogy and the distribution of war-booty (al-asmār, al-ansāb, wa-al-azlām) were in the hands of Ṣafwān ibn Umayyah, so that no public business was undertaken until it passed through him and obtained his approval.
(1) The account of the monk Bahīrā is omitted in manuscript B.
(2) In the original it reads “twelve,” which is erroneous.
(3) Found at the beginning of the third volume of this work.
(4) Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Dimashq, vol. 2, p. 6 and following; a biography appears in vol. 5, pp. 154–155.
(5) Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Dimashq, vol. 5, p. 154. His mention of Dayr Bahīrī likely refers to Dayr Buṣriy, as Yāqūt records that Bahīrī was stationed there.