The story of David, peace be upon him, the events that occurred in his time, and a survey of his merits (1), noble traits, and the proofs and signs of his prophethood
He was David, son of Jesse, son of Obed, son of Boaz (2), son of Salmon, son of Nahshon, son of Amminadab (3), son of Ram, son of Hezron, son of Perez, son of Judah, son of Jacob, son of Isaac, son of Abraham—the Friend of Allah, His servant, His prophet, and His vicegerent in the land of Jerusalem.
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq related—on the authority of certain scholars, from Wahb ibn Munabbih—that David, peace be upon him, was short, blue-eyed, lightly-haired, and of a heart that was pure and unsullied (4).
As mentioned earlier, when he slew Goliath—an event which, according to Ibn ʿAsākir (5), took place at Qasr Umm Ḥakīm near Marj al-Ṣuffar (6)—the Children of Israel came to love him, inclining toward him and toward his rule. Saul’s affair then unfolded as it did, and the kingship passed to David, peace be upon him. Allah thus combined for him both sovereignty and prophethood—uniting for him the good of this world and the next—whereas kingship had formerly rested with one tribe and prophethood with another.
Both were joined in David, as the Most High says: “And David killed Goliath, and Allah granted him the kingdom and wisdom and taught him of what He willed. Had Allah not repelled some people by means of others, the earth would surely be corrupted; but Allah is bountiful to all beings” (2:251). That is, were it not for the establishment of kings as rulers over the people, the strong would devour the weak.
For this reason one report states: “The ruler is the shade of Allah upon His earth” (7). The Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān said, “Allah restrains by means of authority what He does not restrain by means of the Qur’an.”
Ibn Jarīr records in his History that when Goliath confronted Saul, saying, “Come out to me, and I will come out to you,” Saul called for volunteers; David stepped forward and killed Goliath. Wahb ibn Munabbih adds: The people then gravitated to David until Saul’s name was scarcely mentioned, whereupon they deposed Saul and installed David over them (8).