had been a Zoroastrian who later embraced Islam. Abū Yazīd had two righteous, devout brothers, yet he was more eminent than either of them.
He was asked, “By what means did you attain this knowledge?” He answered, “With a hungry stomach and a naked body.”
He used to say, “I summoned my soul to obey Allah; when it did not respond, I deprived it of water for a whole year.”
He also said, “If you see a man who has been granted such extraordinary gifts that he even ascends into the air, do not be taken in by him until you observe how he conducts himself with regard to the commands and prohibitions, the safeguarding of the limits, and the fulfillment of the sharīʿa (1).”
Qāḍī Ibn Khallikān (2) said: “He possessed many spiritual stations, celebrated struggles, and manifest miracles. He died in the year 261 AH; may Allah have mercy on him.”
I say: Accounts (3) relate from him utterances that contain shaṭḥ (ecstatic excess). Many scholars—both Sufis and jurists—have discussed them: some resort to far-fetched interpretations; others say he voiced them in a state of overwhelming rapture (4) and gratitude; while yet others deem them innovation and error. Allah knows best.
[Then came the year 262 AH]
During it Yaʿqūb ibn al-Layth advanced with great hosts and entered Wāsiṭ by force. The caliph al-Muʿtamid himself marched out from Sāmarrāʾ to meet him, positioning his forces between Baghdad and Wāsiṭ. His brother Abū Aḥmad al-Muwaffaq billāh volunteered to face him at the head of a mighty army, with Mūsā ibn Bugha on the right wing and Masrūr al-Balkhī on the left. They fought in Rajab of that year for several days in a fierce and terrifying battle, until the victory turned against Yaʿqūb and his men on Palm Sunday. Many of them were slain, and Abū Aḥmad captured a great quantity of gold, silver, musk, and mounts.
It is said that banners bearing crosses were found in Yaʿqūb’s camp.
Al-Muʿtamid then returned to al-Madāʾin, reinstated Muḥammad ibn Ṭāhir as governor of Baghdad, and ordered that he be granted five hundred thousand dirhams.