Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

He said:

I was then summoned and ushered into the presence of al-Muʿtaṣim. When he looked at me—while Ibn Abī Duʾād sat beside him—he remarked, “Did you not claim that he was a mere youth? Yet here stands an older, middle-aged man!”

When I drew near and offered the greeting, he said to me, “Come closer,” and he kept beckoning me until I was right before him. Then he ordered, “Sit down.” I sat, the iron weighing heavily upon me, and remained silent for a while.

I said, “Commander of the Faithful! To what did your cousin, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, invite people?”

He answered, “To bearing witness that there is no god but Allah.”

I said, “And I bear witness that there is no god but Allah.” I then reminded him of the ḥadith of Ibn ʿAbbās regarding the delegation of ʿAbd al-Qays (1) and added, “This is what the Messenger of Allah ﷺ called them to.”

He said: Ibn Abī Duʾād then spoke at length in words I could not follow, for I was not versed in his style. Al-Muʿtaṣim remarked, “Had you not fallen into the hands of the one before me, I would never have subjected you to this trial.” Then he said, “O ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, did I not order you to lift the inquisition?” I exclaimed, “Allahu Akbar! This is relief for the Muslims.”

He continued, “Debate with him, O ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; speak to him.” ʿAbd al-Raḥmān said to me, “What do you say about the Quran?” I did not reply. Al-Muʿtaṣim said, “Answer him.”

I said, “What do you say about knowledge?” He was silent. I added, “The Quran is part of Allah’s knowledge, and whoever claims that Allah’s knowledge is created has disbelieved in Allah.” He remained silent. They then murmured among themselves, “Commander of the Faithful, he has declared you and us unbelievers!” but he paid no attention.

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān said, “Allah existed when there was no Quran.” I replied, “Did Allah exist when there was no knowledge?” He fell silent. They began arguing from every side, so I said, “Commander of the Faithful, present me with something from the Book of Allah or the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and I will accept it.”

Ibn Abī Duʾād retorted, “And will you speak only on the basis of these two?” I answered, “Can Islam stand without them?”

Lengthy debates then ensued. They cited as proof His words, “No reminder ever comes to them from their Lord but that it is newly revealed” (Quran 21:2), and His words, “Allah is the Creator of everything” (Quran 13:16). I replied (2) that these are general statements qualified by His saying, “It destroyed everything” (Quran 46:25).

Ibn Abī Duʾād said, “By Allah, Commander of the Faithful, he is deviant, misleading, an innovator. Here are your judges and jurists—ask them!” So he asked, “What do you say about him?” and they answered as Ibn Abī Duʾād had.

They brought me again on the second day and debated with me, and then on the third day as well. Throughout it all my voice and my proof prevailed over them.

He said: Whenever they fell silent, Ibn Abī Duʾād would reopen the discussion, though he was one of the most ignorant of people concerning knowledge and dialectic. The issues (3) they raised in argument were of many kinds, yet they had no grasp of the transmitted reports; they began denying the traditions and rejecting their use as evidence.

(1) This report of the delegation of ʿAbd al-Qays is recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Īmān (Book of Faith), “The Chapter on the Payment of Khums” (vol. 1, pp. 120–125); also in the Book of Knowledge (Kitab al-ʿIlm), “The Prophet’s Encouragement of the Delegation of ʿAbd al-Qays to Preserve Faith”; and in al-Maghāzī, “The Delegation of ʿAbd al-Qays.” It is likewise found in Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Īmān, “The Chapter on Commanding Faith in Allah” (no. 17), from the ḥadīth of ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAbbās (may Allah be pleased with him). (2) In B it is stated regarding this: “He reports its revelation, or he ascribes to it—other than the Qurʾān—a newly revealed text,” as noted above. He supports this by citing the verse: “Ṣād. By the Qurʾān, the Possessor of Remembrance” (38:1), meaning the Qurʾān; whereas the indefinite (dhikr) would imply something other than the Qurʾān. (3) In both B and Ẓā it appears under the title al-Masālik.
قال: ثم دعيتُ فأدخلت على المعتصِم، فلمَّا نظر إليَّ وعنده ابن أبي دُوَاد، قال: أليس قد زعمتم أنَّه حدَثُ السنِّ وهذا شيخٌ مكتهل؟ فلمَّا دَنوْتُ منه وسلَّمْتُ، قال لي: ادنه، فلم يزل يدنيني حتَّى قَرُبْتُ منه، ثم قال: اجلس! فجلست وقد أثقلني الحديد، فمكثْتُ ساعةً، ثم قلت: يا أميرَ المؤمنين! إلام دَعَا إليه ابنُ عمِّكَ رسولُ اللَّه ﷺ ؟ قال: إلى شهادة أن لا إله إلا اللَّه. قلْتُ: فإنِّي أشهدُ أن لا إله إلا اللَّه. قال: ثم ذكرت له حديثَ ابن عباس في وَفْدِ عبد القيس (١) ، ثم قلت: فهذا الذي دعا إليه رسولُ اللَّه ﷺ . قال: ثم تكلَّم ابنُ أبي دُوَاد بكلامٍ لم أفهمه، وذلك لأني لم أتفقه كلامه، ثم قال المعتصم: لولا أنك كنت في يدِ مَنْ كان قبلي لم أعرض لك، ثم قال: يا عبدَ الرحمن، ألم آمرك أن ترفع المحنة؟ قال: فقلت: اللَّه أكبرُ، هذا فرجٌ للمسلمين. ثم قال: ناظروه، يا عبدَ الرحمن، كلمْه. فقال لي عبد الرحمن: ما تقولُ في الفرآن؟ فلم أجبه، فقال المعتصم: أجبْه، فقلت: ما تقولُ في العلم؟ فسكت، فقلْتُ: القرآن من علم اللَّه، ومَنْ زَعَمَ أنَّ علم اللَّه مخلوقٌ فقد كفر باللَّه، فسكت، فقالوا فيما بينهم: يا أميرَ المؤمنين، أكْفَرك وأكفرنا، فلم يلتفت إلى ذلك، فقال عبد الرحمن: كان اللَّهُ ولا قرآنَ، فقلْتُ: أكان اللَّهُ ولا علمَ؟ فسكت. فجعلوا يتكلمون من هاهنا وهاهنا، فقلْتُ: يا أمير المؤمنين، أعطوني شيئًا من كتاب اللَّه أو سُنَّةِ رسول اللَّه ﷺ حتى أقولَ به. فقال ابنُ أبي دُوَاد: وأنتَ لا تقولُ إلا بهذا وهذا؟ فقلْتُ: وهل يقوم الإسلام إلا بهما. وجرت بينهما مناظراتٌ طويلة، واحتجوا عليه بقوله: ﴿مَا يَأْتِيهِمْ مِنْ ذِكْرٍ مِنْ رَبِّهِمْ مُحْدَثٍ﴾ [الأنبياء: ٢] ، وبقوله: ﴿اللَّهُ خَالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ﴾ [الرعد: ١٦] . وأجاب (٢) بما حاصله أنه عام مخصوص بقوله: ﴿تُدَمِّرُ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ﴾ [الأحقاف: ٢٥] . فقال ابن أبي دُوَاد: هو واللَّه يا أمير المؤمنين ضالٌّ مضلٌّ مبتدعٌ، وهؤلاء قضاتك والفقهاء فسلهم، فقال لهم: ما تقولون فيه؟ فأجابوا بمثل ما قال ابن أبي دُوَاد، ثم أحضروه في اليوم الثاني، فناظروه أيضًا، ثم في اليوم الثالث فناظروه أيضًا، وفي ذلك كله يعلُو صوتُه وحجته عليهم. قال: فإذا سكتوا فتحَ الكلامَ عليهم ابنُ أبي دُوَاد، وكان من أجهل الناس بالعلم والكلام، وقد تنوَّعت بهم المسائل (٣) في المجادلة، ولا علمَ لهم بالنقل، فجعلوا يُنكرون الآثارَ ويَرُدُّون الاحتجاجَ بها.
(١) حديث وفد عبد القيس هذا، رواه البخاري في الإيمان، باب أداء الخمس (١/ ١٢٠ - ١٢٥) وهو عنده أيضًا في العلم، باب تحريض النبي ﷺ وفد عبد القيس على أن يحفظوا الإيمان، وفي المغازي، باب وفد عبد القيس؛ وأخرجه مسلم في الإيمان، باب الأمر بالإيمان باللَّه تعالى رقم (١٧) من حديث عبد اللَّه بن عباس (رضي الله عنه) . (٢) في ب: وعنه في ذلك يحدث إنزاله، أو ذكر غير القرآن محدث، كما تقدم. ورشح هذا بقوله: ﴿ص وَالْقُرْآنِ ذِي الذِّكْرِ﴾ [ص: ١]. يعني به القرآن، بخلاف النكرة، فإنه غير القرآن. (٣) في ب، ظا: المسالك.

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