Imam Aḥmad said:
“Abū Bakr ibn ʿAyyāsh narrated to us; ʿĀṣim narrated to us, from Zirr, from ʿAbd Allāh—meaning Ibn Masʿūd—who said: ‘Whatever the Muslims unanimously deem good is good in the sight of Allah, and whatever they unanimously deem evil is evil in the sight of Allah.’ (1) All of the Companions agreed that Abū Bakr should be appointed caliph—may Allah be pleased with him. Chain of transmission: sound. (2)
I say: This report conveys the consensus (ijmāʿ) of the Companions on giving precedence to al-Ṣiddīq—may Allah be pleased with him. Matters are exactly as Ibn Masʿūd stated, and more than one of the leading imams have affirmed it.
When Imam Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal passed through Ḥimṣ, being taken to al-Maʾmūn during the ordeal, ʿAmr ibn ʿUthmān al-Ḥimṣī came to him and asked, “What is your view concerning the caliphate?” Imām Aḥmad replied, “Abū Bakr, then ʿUmar, then ʿUthmān, then ʿAlī. Whoever puts ʿAlī ahead of ʿUthmān has disparaged the members of the Shūrā, for they placed ʿUthmān first—may Allah be pleased with him.” (3)
Section on his scrupulous piety (waraʿ), renunciation (zuhd), and austerity—may Allah have mercy on him and be pleased with him
Al-Bayhaqī relates, through al-Muzanī, that al-Shāfiʿī once said to the caliph al-Rashīd, “Yemen is in need of a judge.” Al-Rashīd responded, “Choose whomever we shall appoint.” Al-Shāfiʿī later said to Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal—who used to visit him among those who took knowledge from him (4)—to accept that judgeship, but Aḥmad refused emphatically, saying, “I come to you only for knowledge; do you order me to assume the judiciary?” Al-Shāfiʿī was embarrassed. (5)
It is also reported that he would neither pray behind his uncle Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal nor behind Isḥāq’s sons, nor would he even speak to them, because they had accepted stipends from the ruler.
On one occasion he went three days without finding anything to eat. He then sent to one of his companions and borrowed some flour. Realizing how much he needed food, his family hastened to knead and bake bread for him. He asked, “Why the haste? How did you manage to bake so quickly?” They replied, “We found the oven in Ṣāliḥ’s house (6) already lit, so we baked for you in it.” He said, “Take it away.” He would not eat it and ordered that the doorway leading to Ṣāliḥ’s house be bricked up.