Then came the year 218 AH⦗1⦘.
On the first day of Jumada al-Ula of that year, al-Maʾmūn dispatched his son al-ʿAbbās to Byzantine territory to build al-Tuwwānah and restore its structure. He also wrote to all provinces and distant regions, instructing them to supply laborers⦗2⦘ for the project from every land—Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and others—so that a multitude gathered whose number none knows but Allah, Mighty and Majestic. He ordered that the site measure a mile by a mile, that its enclosing wall span three farsakhs (parasangs), and that it have three gates, each gate guarded by a fortress.
The Beginning of the Mihna⦗3⦘:
In this same year al-Maʾmūn wrote to his deputy in Baghdad, Ishāq ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muṣʿab, instructing him to examine the judges and the hadith scholars concerning their affirmation that the Quran is created, and to send a group of them to him in al-Raqqa. The text of al-Maʾmūn’s letter to his deputy is lengthy; Ibn Jarīr⦗4⦘ has reproduced it. Its substance is an argument that the Quran is muḥdath (brought into being) and not eternal, and—according to him—that everything muḥdath is therefore created. Many theologians and hadith scholars did not concur with him on this point. Those who maintain that the Exalted One performs voluntary acts do not say that His act, which subsists in His holy Essence⦗5⦘ after previously not existing, is created⦗6⦘. Rather, they say: it is muḥdath but not created; indeed, it is the Speech of Allah Most High, subsisting in His holy Essence, and whatever subsists in the Essence cannot be created.
Allah, Exalted is He, says:
“No fresh reminder from their Lord ever comes to them…” [al-Anbiyāʾ 21:2]⦗7⦘
And He says:
“We created you, then We shaped you, then We said to the angels, ‘Prostrate before Adam.’ ” [al-Aʿrāf 7:11]
The command to prostrate thus issued from Him, Exalted be He, after He had created Adam. Therefore, speech that subsists in the Essence is not created—though the full discussion belongs elsewhere.
Imām al-Bukhārī composed a work on this subject entitled Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād (The Creation of the Actions of the Servants).
The point here is that when the letter⦗8⦘ reached Baghdad it was read aloud to the people, and al-Maʾmūn had already designated a group of hadith scholars