That same year a violent earthquake struck al-Maṣīṣah: part of its rampart crumbled and its water supply dried up for an hour of the night.
That year al-Rashīd also sent his son al-Qāsim on the summer frontier expedition (ṣāʾifa), making him an offering and a means of drawing near to Allah, and he placed him in charge of the frontier district of al-ʿAwāṣim. Al-Qāsim advanced into Byzantine territory, besieged them, and did not lift the siege until they ransomed themselves with a number of Muslim prisoners, whom they pledged to release in exchange for his withdrawal. He acceded to their request and withdrew.
In the same year the Byzantines violated the treaty that had been concluded between them and the Muslims, a pact al-Rashīd had sealed with Rīnī (1), the Byzantine empress titled Augusta. The Byzantines deposed her and enthroned Naqfūr, a bold man said to be of the line of the house of Jafnah. They removed Rīnī and gouged out her eyes.
Naqfūr then wrote to al-Rashīd:
“From Naqfūr, King of the Romans, to Hārūn, King of the Arabs. To proceed: The queen who preceded me set you in the place of the rook (2) and set herself in the place of the pawn, forwarding to you treasures that you yourself ought to have remitted to her. Such was the weakness and folly of women. When you read this letter, return to me the monies she sent you and ransom your own life with them; otherwise, the sword will decide between us.”
When Hārūn al-Rashīd read the letter he was seized with furious anger; none of those present dared look at him or address him, and his companions feared for him.
He then called for an inkwell and wrote on the back of the letter:
“In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. From Hārūn, Commander of the Faithful, to Naqfūr, the dog of the Romans. I have read your letter, O son of an unbelieving woman, and the answer is what you will see, not what you will hear. Peace.”
He set out immediately, marched until he reached the gate of Heraclea, seized it (3), chose the daughter of its ruler for himself, and carried off spoils from