Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

That same year a violent earthquake struck al-Maṣīṣah: part of its rampart crumbled and its water supply dried up for an hour of the night.

That year al-Rashīd also sent his son al-Qāsim on the summer frontier expedition (ṣāʾifa), making him an offering and a means of drawing near to Allah, and he placed him in charge of the frontier district of al-ʿAwāṣim. Al-Qāsim advanced into Byzantine territory, besieged them, and did not lift the siege until they ransomed themselves with a number of Muslim prisoners, whom they pledged to release in exchange for his withdrawal. He acceded to their request and withdrew.

In the same year the Byzantines violated the treaty that had been concluded between them and the Muslims, a pact al-Rashīd had sealed with Rīnī (1), the Byzantine empress titled Augusta. The Byzantines deposed her and enthroned Naqfūr, a bold man said to be of the line of the house of Jafnah. They removed Rīnī and gouged out her eyes.

Naqfūr then wrote to al-Rashīd:

“From Naqfūr, King of the Romans, to Hārūn, King of the Arabs. To proceed: The queen who preceded me set you in the place of the rook (2) and set herself in the place of the pawn, forwarding to you treasures that you yourself ought to have remitted to her. Such was the weakness and folly of women. When you read this letter, return to me the monies she sent you and ransom your own life with them; otherwise, the sword will decide between us.”

When Hārūn al-Rashīd read the letter he was seized with furious anger; none of those present dared look at him or address him, and his companions feared for him.

He then called for an inkwell and wrote on the back of the letter:

“In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. From Hārūn, Commander of the Faithful, to Naqfūr, the dog of the Romans. I have read your letter, O son of an unbelieving woman, and the answer is what you will see, not what you will hear. Peace.”

He set out immediately, marched until he reached the gate of Heraclea, seized it (3), chose the daughter of its ruler for himself, and carried off spoils from

(1) In the Q manuscript the reading appears as “ranā,” whereas we have established the variant from B, H, al-Ṭabarī, and others. (2) The rukh (“rook”) is a chess piece ranking above the pawn; the term is an Arabized borrowing from non-Arab languages. See Lisān al-ʽArab under “rukh.” (3) Hiraqlah – pronounced with a kasra then a fatḥa – is a city in the lands of al-Rum (the Byzantines), named after Hiraqla, daughter of al-Rum ibn al-Ayfaz ibn Sam ibn Nūḥ (peace be upon him). Ḥārūn al-Rashīd personally besieged it and ultimately captured it by force after a severe siege and battle, deploying fire and naphtha until its inhabitants were overwhelmed. Hence al-Makkī the poet said: “Hiraqlah fell when, amazed, she beheld— The vault of heaven cast down naphtha and fire. As if our flames, beside their fortress, Were dyes upon the buttresses of their towers.” He then arrived in al-Raqqa during Ramadan; when Eid came he seated the poets before him. Among them was Ashjaʿ al-Sulamī, who rose and chanted: “You never cease to display and conclude festivals; Days come forth to you and you pass them on. The world has never satisfied you, nor have you forsaken it; Time itself unfolds its days for you and then re-folds them. May conquest bring you joy, and the coming days Be bound to you with victory at their foreheads. Hiraqlah now lies prostrate on its flanks, While the Helper—Allah and Islam—strikes it. You seized it and slew those who renounced its rule, By the aid of Him who owns the world and all within.”
وفيها كانت زلزلةٌ عظيمة بالمِصِّيصَة، فانهدَمَ بعضُ سورِها، ونَضَبَ ماؤها ساعةً من الليل. وفيها بعث الرشيدُ ولدَهُ القاسِمَ على الصائفة، وجعَلَهُ قُرْبانًا ووسيلةً بين يديه، وولَّاهُ العَوَاصم. فسار إلى بلادِ الرُّوم فحاصرَهَم حتى افتَدَوْا بِخَلْقٍ من الأسَارَى، يُطِلقُونَهم، ويَرْجِعُ عنهم. ففعَلَ ذلك. وفيها نقَضَتِ الرُّوم الصُّلحَ الذي كان بينهم وبين المسلمين، الذي كان عقَدَهُ الرشيدُ بينه وبِنَ رينى (١) مَلِكَةِ الروم، الملقبة أغسطه. وذلك أنَّ الرُّومَ عَزَلوها عنهم، ومَلَّكُوا عليهمُ النَّقْفُور، وكان شجاعًا، يقال: إنه من سُلالةِ آلِ جَفْنَة، فخلعوا رينى وسَمَلوا عينيْهَا، فكتب نَقْفُور إلى الرشيد: من نَقْفُور ملكِ الرُّوم إلى هارونَ ملِكِ العرب، أمَّا بعد، فإنَّ الملكةَ التي كانتْ قبلي أقامَتْكَ مقامَ الرُّخّ (٢) ، وأقامَتْ نفسَها مقامَ البَيْدَق، فحملَتْ إليك من أموالِها ما كنتَ حقيقًا بحَمْلِ أمثالِهِ إليها، وذلك من ضَعْفِ النساءِ وحُمقِهِنَّ. فإذا قرأتَ كتابي هذا فارْدُدْ إليَّ ما حملَتْهُ إليكَ من الأموال، وافتدِ نفسَك به، وإلَّا فالسيفُ بيننا وبينَك. فلما قرأ هارونُ الرشيدُ كتابَه أخَذَهُ الغضَبُ الشديد، حتى لم يتمكَّنْ أحدٌ أنْ ينظُرَ إليه، ولا يستطيعُ مخاطبتَه، وأشفَقَ عليه جلساؤه خوفًا منه، ثم استدعى بدواةٍ وكتب على ظهرِ الكتاب: بسم اللَّه الرحمن الرحيم، من هارونَ أميرِ المؤمنين إلى نقفور كلبِ الرّوم. قد قرأتُ كتابَك يا ابنَ الكافرة، والجوابُ ما تراهُ دونَ ما تسمَعُه. والسلام. ثم شخَصَ من فَوْرِه، وسار حتى نزَلَ ببابِ هِرَقْلَة ففتحها (٣) ، واصطفَى ابنةَ مَلِكِها، وغَنِمَ من
(١) تصحفت في (ق) إلى: "رنى"، وما أثبتناه من (ب، ح) والطبري وغيره. (٢) "الرُّخّ": من أداة الشطرنج، وهو أكبر مَنْزلةً من البيدق، وهو معرّب من كلام العجم. انظر لسان العرب (رخخِ). (٣) "هِرَقلة" -بالكسر ثم الفتح-: مدينة ببلادِ الروم، سُميت بهرْقلة بنتِ الرُّوم بن اليفز بن سام بن نوح (عليه السلام) . وكان الرشيدُ غزاها بنفسه، ثم افتتحها عَنْوةً بعدَ حصارٍ وحَرْبٍ شديد، ورمى بالنارِ والنِّفْط، حتى غلب أهلها. فلذلك قال المكي الشاعر: هَوَتْ هِرَقْلةُ لَمَّا أنْ رأتْ عَجَبا … جوَّ السما تَرْتَمي بالنِّفْطِ والنارِ كأَنَّ نيراننَا في جنب قلعتِهم … مُصَبَّغات على أرسانِ قصَّارِ ثم قَدِم الرقَّة في شهرِ رمضان، فلما عيَّد جلسَ للشعراء فدخلوا عليه وفيهم أشجع السُّلَمي، فبدر فأنشد: لا زلتَ تنشُرُ أعيادًا وتطويها … تمضي لها بك أيامٌ وتُمضيها ولا تقضَّتْ بك الدنيا ولا بَرِحَتْ … يَطْوي بك الدهرُ أيامًا وتطْويها لِيَهْنِكَ الفتحُ والأيامُ مُقبلةٌ … إليك بالنصرِ معقودًا نواصيها أمْسَتْ هِرَقْلةُ تهْوي من جوانبِها … وناصرُ اللَّه والإسلامِ يرميها مَلَكْتَها وقتلتَ الناكثين بها … بنصرِ منْ يَمْلِكُ الدنيا وما فيها =

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