and Eliezer. Moses welcomed him with honor, and the elders of the Children of Israel gathered around him, showing him the utmost respect and reverence.
They relate that he noticed how the Children of Israel constantly thronged to Moses with the disputes that arose among them. He therefore advised Moses to appoint over the people men who were trustworthy, God-fearing, and chaste, men who detested bribery and treachery, assigning them as chiefs over thousands, over hundreds, over fifties, and over tens. They would judge between the people, and whenever a matter proved too difficult they were to come to you, and you would resolve what perplexed them. Moses, peace be upon him, followed this counsel.
They also said: The Children of Israel entered the wilderness near Sinai in the third month after their departure from Egypt. Their exodus had occurred at the beginning of the year that had been prescribed for them, which corresponds to the outset of spring; thus it appears that they entered the wilderness at the beginning of summer—and Allah knows best.
They further said: The Children of Israel encamped around Mount Sinai, and Moses ascended the mountain where his Lord spoke to him. He was commanded to remind the Children of Israel of the favors Allah had bestowed upon them—how He saved them from Pharaoh and his people, and how He carried them, as it were, on the two wings of an eagle by His hand and might. He was instructed to tell the Israelites to purify themselves: to bathe, wash their clothes, and prepare for the third day. On that day they were to assemble around the mountain, yet no one was to approach it; whoever drew near was to be put to death, even livestock, for as long as they heard the blast of the horn. When the horn became silent, it would then be permissible for them to ascend.
The Children of Israel heard and obeyed: they washed themselves, cleansed their garments, and perfumed themselves. When the third day came, a vast cloud enveloped the mountain, accompanied by thunder, lightning, and an exceedingly loud sound of the trumpet. The Children of Israel were gripped by great fear and came out to stand at the foot of the mountain. A dense smoke covered the mountain, with a column of light at its center, and the entire mountain quaked violently. The trumpet blast—the shofar—continued and grew louder while Moses, peace be upon him, stood atop the mountain conversing intimately with Allah.
The Lord, exalted is He, then ordered Moses to descend and instruct the Children of Israel to draw near the mountain so they might hear the divine injunction. He also directed that the priests—their scholars—come close and ascend the mountain to sanctify themselves in its proximity. (This is an explicit statement in their scripture attesting to the occurrence of abrogation.)
Moses said, “My Lord, they are unable to climb it, and You have already forbidden them from doing so.” Allah, exalted be He, therefore commanded him to return and bring his brother Aaron with him, while the priests—the scholars—and the people—the rest of the Children of Israel—were to remain nearby. Moses complied, and his Lord then spoke to him, commanding him at that moment with the Ten Words, that is, the Ten Commandments.