We have already examined the ḥadiths and scholarly opinions cited in the Qur’anic commentaries on this subject. In short, the plague stripped away all their greenery, leaving them without crops, fruit, herbage, or anything whatsoever.
As for the lice (al-qummal): Ibn ʿAbbās said it refers to the grain-weevil that infests wheat. In another report from him, as well as from Mujāhid, ʿIkrimah, and Qatādah, it is described as tiny, wingless locusts. Saʿīd ibn Jubayr and al-Ḥasan held that they were small black insects, while ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Zayd ibn Aslam said they were fleas. Ibn Jarīr, quoting the linguists, related that the term denotes the ḥamnan—the very small variety of lice even smaller than ordinary lice. These insects invaded their houses and bedding so thoroughly that they could neither rest nor sleep. ʿAṭāʾ ibn al-Sāʾib likewise explained it as the common lice, and al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī recited the word in its light form (al-qaml).
The frogs are well known: they swarmed over the people, falling into their food and utensils, so that when anyone opened his mouth to eat or drink, a frog dropped straight in.
As for the blood, it tainted all their water. Whatever they drew from the Nile they found to be fresh, flowing blood, and every river, well, or other source instantly turned to blood the moment they tried to use it.
Throughout all of this, the Children of Israel remained wholly unharmed. Such perfect protection constituted a manifest miracle and conclusive proof: the affliction struck every last Egyptian through Moses’s agency, yet not a single Israelite was touched—an unmistakable sign.
Muhammad ibn Isḥāq said: After the sorcerers had believed, Pharaoh—the enemy of Allah—returned humbled and defeated, yet he persisted in disbelief and pressed on in wickedness. Allah therefore pursued him with the signs: He afflicted him with the years of drought, then sent upon him the flood, the locusts, the lice, the frogs, and finally the blood—distinct signs, one after another.