ʿAbd al-Malik; and it was also said: his son ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. He was thirty-nine years and some months old when he died; another opinion holds that he had exceeded forty by a few months, or by a year, or by even more. Yet others say he lived thirty-three years (1); some put it at thirty-six, others at thirty-seven or thirty-eight, and some say merely that he was between thirty and forty without actually reaching forty.
Aḥmad related—through ʿAbd al-Razzāq from Maʿmar—that he died at the age of forty-five. Ibn ʿAsākir (2) remarked, “This is an error; the sound position is the first one: thirty-nine years and some months.”
His caliphate lasted two years, five months, and four days; another report says fourteen days, and yet another, two and a half years.
He (may Allah have mercy on him) was of a dark complexion, with a delicate and handsome face, slender in build, with a fine beard, deep-set eyes, and a scar upon his forehead. His hair had turned gray and he had applied dye (may Allah have mercy on him) (3). And Allah, Exalted and Most High, knows best (4).
(1) In manuscript Q: “sixty-three,” a corruption; the reading confirmed by manuscripts B and H and by the Tarikh of Ibn Asakir. See his various accounts of this matter (vol. 54: 213–220).
(2) Appears in his History (vol. 54: 220).
(3) See p. 28, manuscript H (2) of this volume.
(4) Manuscript Q contains here a section not found in B or H, extending to the caliphate of Yazid ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (p. 219). It is likely an interpolation—its content is elsewhere introduced in similar wording, and internal evidence (e.g. the phrase following the first report: “It was mentioned by Ibn Abi al-Dunya, Abu Nuʿaym, and others, and the author made a subtle reference to it”) shows it cannot be Ibn Kathir’s. We have therefore placed it in the margin.
Chapter
When ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz assumed the caliphate, the chief of the shurṭa (security force) came to marshal armed men before him, as was customary under earlier caliphs. ʿUmar said, “What relation is there between you and me? Stand aside; I am merely a man among the Muslims.” He proceeded, and they followed him until he entered the mosque. He mounted the pulpit, the people gathered around him, and he said:
“O people! I have been entrusted with this office against my own will, without seeking it or consulting the Muslims. I hereby remove from your necks the pledge of allegiance—choose for yourselves and your affairs whoever you will.”
The Muslims cried out as one: “We have chosen you for ourselves and our affairs; we are all content with you.”
When their voices subsided, he praised God and said: “I urge you to fear God (taqwa), for God-fearingness brings increase in all matters and never diminishes. Remember death often, for it destroys pleasures; prepare yourselves for it before it arrives. This community will not differ concerning its Lord, nor its Book, nor its Prophet; rather, they dispute over the dinar and the dirham. By God, I will not give anyone falsehood, nor withhold anyone’s right.”
Raising his voice, he added: “O people! Whoever obeys God must be obeyed; whoever disobeys God is not to be obeyed. Obey me so long as I obey God; if I disobey God, you owe me no obedience.”
He then descended, and once inside the mosque he ordered the curtain (sitr) to be removed—it was torn down. The garments that had been allotted to the caliphs were sold, and their proceeds were deposited in the bayt al-māl (public treasury). Thereafter he went to take his midday rest.
His son ʿAbd al-Malik came to him and said, “O Commander of the Faithful, what do you intend to do?”
He replied, “O my son, I shall rest.”
His son replied, “You rest while there are grievances unredressed for their owners?”
He said, “I stayed up all night attending to Sulayman’s case. After the ẓuhr prayer I will redress the grievances.”
His son said, “Who can guarantee you will live until ẓuhr?”
He answered, “Come closer, O my son.” When his son drew near, he kissed him between the eyes and said, “Praise be to God Who has provided me in my offspring someone to assist me in my affairs.”
He then stood, went out of the palace, and ordered the muezzin to call: “If anyone has a grievance, let him present it.”
A man—a dhimmi from Homs—stood up and said, “O Commander of the Faithful, I ask you…”