Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

Umar had already dispatched al-Jarrah ibn ʿAbd Allah al-Hakami to take charge of Khurasan in his place. Around that time Yazid ibn al-Muhallab’s son—Makhlad ibn Yazid—appeared and said:

“O Commander of the Faithful, Allah—exalted is He—has favoured this community by making you its guardian; do not let us become the most wretched of people because of you. Why, then, do you keep this elderly man confined when I stand ready to assume whatever settlement you require on his behalf?”

Umar replied, “I will not reach a settlement with you unless you undertake the entire sum that is being demanded of him, and I will accept from him nothing less than all the Muslim wealth in his possession.”

Makhlad responded, “O Commander of the Faithful, if you have proof for what you allege against him, produce it; otherwise, accept his oath or make peace with me on his behalf.”

Umar answered, “I will take from him nothing short of everything he holds.”

Makhlad ibn Yazid then left ʿUmar’s presence (1), and not long thereafter Makhlad died. Umar used to say, “He was better than his father.”

Umar subsequently ordered that Yazid ibn al-Muhallab be dressed in a coarse woollen cloak and sent on a camel to the island of Dahlak (2), the place to which wrongdoers were exiled. Intercession was made for him (3), so he was returned to prison, where he remained until ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz fell ill—may Allah have mercy on him (4).

In that same year, during Ramadan, ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz dismissed al-Jarrah ibn ʿAbd Allah al-Hakami from the governorship of Khurasan, after one year and five months in office. He removed him because al-Jarrah had been collecting the jizya from non-Muslims who accepted Islam, saying, “You are only embracing Islam to evade it.” (5) As a result, they refrained from entering Islam, remained upon their religion, and continued to pay the jizya.

Umar wrote to him: “Allah only sent Muhammad ﷺ as a caller to the truth; He did not send him as a tax-collector.” He therefore dismissed him and appointed in his place ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Naʿim al-Qushayri (6) over military affairs and ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd Allah over fiscal revenues (7).

That year Umar also wrote to his governors, commanding them to do good and forbidding them from evil, clarifying the truth for them, honouring them in his correspondence, and warning them of Allah’s might and retribution.

Among what he wrote to ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Naʿim al-Qushayri was the following:

“To proceed: Be a servant who sincerely advises Allah’s creatures, and let not the blame of any blamer deter you concerning Allah. Allah’s claim upon you is greater than that of the people, and His right over you is weightier. Do not appoint to any office over the Muslims except one who is known for sincere counsel toward them and for gentleness with them.”

(1) The phrase from “He said, O Amir al-Mu’minin …” up to this point is omitted in ms. A. (2) Dahlik (Persian in origin, Arabized; also called Dhayhik) is an island in the Sea of Yemen, serving as a port between Yemen and Abyssinia. It is a narrow, rugged, hot town to which the Umayyads exiled those they wished to punish. (Mu‘jam al-Buldan, vol. 2, p. 492) (3) In al-Tabari (vol. 6, p. 557): “Salama ibn Nuaim al-Khawlani entered upon ‘Umar and said, ‘O Amir al-Mu’minin, return Yazid to his prison, for I fear that if you release him, his supporters will snatch him away; I saw his people were angry with him.’ He returned him to his prison.” (4) In ms. Ṭ and its copies the passage reads: “Until ‘Umar fell ill with the disease in which he died; he then fled from prison while still sick, aware he would die from it, and thus wrote to him, as will appear below. I suppose he knew that ‘Umar had been poisoned.” (5) In al-Tabari (vol. 6, p. 559) and Ibn al-Athir (vol. 5, p. 51): “When told, ‘Exempt from the jizya whoever has prayed toward the qibla before you,’ people hastened to embrace Islam. It was said to al-Jarrah that they converted out of aversion to the jizya, so he tested them by requiring circumcision. ‘Umar wrote: ‘Allah sent Muhammad as a caller, not as a circumciser.’” (6) In al-Tabari he is called al-Ghamidi; in Ibn al-Athir, al-Amiri. (7) In al-Tabari: “and its jizya was collected by Ubayd Allah—or ‘Abd Allah—ibn Hibba.”
وكان عمر قد بعث على إمرة خراسان الجرَّاح بن عبد الله الحكمي عوضه، وقدم ولد يزيد بن المهلب، مَخْلَد بن يزيد، فقال: يا أمير المؤمنين إن الله – Exalté soit-Il – قد منّ على هذه الأمة بولايتك عليها، فلا نكونن نحن أشقى الناس بك، فعلام تحبس هذا الشيخ وأنا أقوم بما تصالحني عنه؟ فقال عمر: لا أصالحك عنه إلا أن تقوم بجميع ما يطلب منه، ولا آخذ منه إلا جميع ما عنده من مال المسلمين. فقال: يا أمير المؤمنين إن كانت لك بيِّنة عليه بما تقول، وإلا فاقبل يمينه أو فصالحني عنه، فقال: لا آخذ منه إلا جميع ما عنده. فخرج مخلد بن يزيد من عند عمر (١) ، فلم يلبث أن مات مخلد. وكان عمر يقول: هو خير من أبيه. ثم إن عمر أمر بأن يلبس يزيد بن المهلّب جبَّة صوف ويركب على بعير إلى جزيرة دَهْلَك (٢) التي كان يُنفى إليها الفُسّاق، فشفعوا فيه (٣) فردّه إلى السجن، فلم يزل به حتى مرض عمر بن عبد العزيز (رحمه الله) (٤) . وفي هذه السنة في رمضان منها عزل عمر بن عبد العزيز الجرّاح بن عبد الله الحكمي عن إمرة خراسان، بعد سنة وخمسة أشهر، وإنما عزله لأنه كان يأخذ الجزية ممن أسلم من الكفار ويقول: أنتم إنما تسلمون فرارًا منها (٥) . فامتنعوا من الإسلام وثبتوا على دينهم وأدّوا الجزية، فكتب إليه عمر: إن الله إنما بعث محمدًا ﷺ داعيًا، ولم يبعثه جابيًا. وعزله وولى بدله عبد الرحمن بن نعيم القشيري (٦) على الحرب، وعبد الرحمن بن عبد الله على الخراج (٧) . وفيها كتب عمر إلى عماله يأمرهم بالخير وينهاهم عن الشر، ويبين لهم الحق ويوضحه لهم ويعظمهم فيما بينه وبينهم، ويخوفهم بأس الله وانتقامه، كان فيما كتب إلى عبد الرحمن بن نعيم القشيري: أما بعد فكن عبدًا ناصحًا لله في عباده، ولا تأخذك في الله لومة لائم، فإن الله أولى بك من الناس، وحقه عليك أعظم، ولا تولّين شيئًا من أمور المسلمين إلا المعروف بالنصيحة لهم، والتوقير عليهم.
(١) منِ قوله: فقال يا أمير المؤمنين … إلى هنا ساقط من أ. (٢) دَهْلك: - بفتح أوله، وسكون ثانية، ولام مفتوحة، وآخره كاف - اسم أعجمي معرب، ويقال له: دهيك أيضًا. وهي جزيرة في بحر اليمن، وهو مرسى بين بلاد اليمن والحبشة بلدة ضيقة حرجة حارة، كان بنو أمية إذا سخطوا على أحد نفوه إليها. معجم البلدان (٢/ ٤٩٢). (٣) في الطبري (٦/ ٥٥٧): فدخل على عمر سلامة بن نعيم الخولاني، فقال: يا أمير المؤمنين، اردد يزيد إلى محبسه، فإني أخاف إن أمضيته أن ينتزعه قومه؛ فإني رأيت قومه غضبوا له. فرده إلى محبسه. (٤) العبارة في ط وما بعدها: حتى مرض عمر مرضه الذي مات فيه، فهرب من السجن وهو مريض، وعلم أنه يموت في مرضه ذلك، وبذلك كتب إليه كما سيأتي، وأظنه كان عالمًا أن عمر سُقي سمًا. (٥) في الطبري (٦/ ٥٥٩) وابن الأثير (٥/ ٥١): انظر منْ صلّى قبلَك إلى القبلة، فضع عنه الجزية، فسارع الناس إلى الإسلام، وقيل للجراح إن الناس سارعوا إلى الإسلام نفورًا من الجزية، فامتحنهم بالختان .. فكتب عمر: إن الله بعث محمدًا داعيًا ولم يبعثه خاتنًا. (٦) في الطبري: الغامدي، وفي ابن الأثير: العامري. (٧) في الطبري: وعلى جزيتها عبيد الله - أو عبد الله - بن حبيب.

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