In that same year, the building of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus was finally completed by its patron, the Commander of the Believers al-Walid ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan—may Allah reward him abundantly on behalf of the Muslims. The site of this mosque had long ago been a temple erected by the Greeks and Chaldeans who once inhabited Damascus; they were the first to lay out and build the city (1).
Those people worshipped the seven distinguished heavenly bodies: the moon in the lowest heaven, Mercury in the second, Venus in the third, the sun in the fourth, Mars in the fifth, Jupiter in the sixth, and Saturn in the seventh. They fashioned at every gate of Damascus a shrine dedicated to one of these planets, and they purposely made the city with seven gates for this very reason, setting up seven shrines—one for each planet. An annual festival was held at every gate. They were also the founders of the observatories, discoursing on the movements of the planets, their conjunctions, and their alignments.
They built Damascus on this spot beside the water that flows between the two mountains, diverting it into rivers that ran through both the higher and lower quarters and channeling it through the very interiors (2) of the houses. Thus, in their day Damascus ranked among the most beautiful—indeed, the very best—of cities because of these marvelous waterworks. They constructed this temple, which is today the mosque, facing the Pole; their prayers were directed toward the North Pole and their mihrabs pointed northward. The temple’s main gate opened toward the qiblah, immediately behind today’s mihrab, as we have witnessed with our own eyes: we saw their mihrabs facing the pole and the gate itself—a fine portal built of carved stones, bearing an inscription in their script, flanked on either side by two smaller doors.
To the west of the temple stood a very lofty palace supported by the columns now at Bab al-Barid, while to its east was the palace of the king Jirun. In addition, two great residences had been prepared for whoever might rule Damascus in ancient times (3). It is even said that, alongside the temple, there were three grand royal houses. One high, imposing wall of massive hewn stones enclosed those residences and the temple alike; they were the Dar al-Mutbaq, the Dar al-Khayl, and another house that later became the site of the Khadraʾ built by Muʿawiyah.
Al-Hafiz Ibn ʿAsakir (4), citing some of the early writings, relates that the builders spent eighteen years selecting an auspicious horoscope for founding Damascus and these structures. They left the foundations open until the moment arrived when the two planets