Then the year 96 AH began.
During that year Qutaybah ibn Muslim—may Allah have mercy on him—took Kashgar (1) in the lands of China. He dispatched envoys to the emperor of China, threatening and warning him, and swearing by Allah that he would not turn back until he had set foot in the emperor’s realm, sealed the hands of its kings and nobles, and collected the jizyah from them—unless they entered Islam.
The envoys came before the supreme sovereign who resided in a vast city said to be encircled by a wall with ninety gates. The city was called Khān Bāliq and was among the greatest, most prosperous and commercially active of cities. It was even said that, expansive as India is, it is no more than the size of Greater Syria compared with the dominion of China. Its people have no need to travel to any other kingdom because of the abundance of their wealth and merchandise, while other nations depend upon what they possess of goods and worldly riches. All the surrounding kings pay tribute to the emperor of China on account of his dominance and the sheer number of his armies and troops.
When the envoys entered upon the emperor, they found an immense, fortified kingdom graced with rivers, marketplaces, beauty and splendor. They were admitted to him in an imposing citadel as large as a sizable city.
The emperor asked them, “Who are you?” —They were three hundred envoys under the leadership of Hubayrah (2)—and he said to his interpreter, “Tell them: Who are you and what do you want?” They replied, “We are the envoys of Qutaybah ibn Muslim. He calls you to Islam; if you refuse, then to pay the jizyah; and if you refuse that, then to war.” The emperor grew angry and ordered that they be taken away to a residence.
The next morning he summoned them and said, “Show me how you worship your God.” They performed the prayer as customary, and when they bowed and prostrated he laughed at them.
He then asked, “What are you like in your homes?” They put on their work clothes, and he dismissed them.
On the following day he sent for them again and said, “How do you appear before your kings?” They donned brocade garments, turbans and cloaks, and entered upon the emperor. He said, “Return,” and they withdrew. The emperor then asked his courtiers, “How did you find these men?” They replied, “This appearance is more fitting for men than the first, yet they are the very same people.”
On the third day he sent for them and said, “How do you face your enemy?” They armed themselves: putting on mail coats and helmets, girding their swords, slinging their bows (3), taking up their spears, mounting their horses, and advancing. The emperor looked at them and saw what appeared to be mountains approaching. When they drew near, they planted their spears in the ground and came toward him with sleeves rolled up.
It was said to them, “Turn back”—for fear had already entered the hearts of the Chinese—so they withdrew, mounted their horses, pulled out their lances and galloped off as though pursuing one another. The emperor said