—beheaded. He carried out the executions in four separate batches: one thousand were slain directly before him, another thousand on his right, a third thousand on his left, and a fourth thousand behind him, all in order to strike terror into the Turks and others.
[The Conquest of Samarkand]
When all this was finished and he resolved to return home, one of the commanders (1) said to him, “The people of Sogd (2) feel safe with you this year. If you were to turn aside to them now while they are unaware, you could seize the city whenever you wish.” Qutaybah said to that commander, “Have you spoken of this to anyone?” He replied, “No!” He answered, “If anyone hears these words from you, I shall strike off your head.”
Qutaybah then sent his brother ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muslim ahead of him with twenty thousand men; he reached Samarkand first, and Qutaybah followed with the rest of the army. When the Turks learned of their approach, they chose from among themselves every man of fierce prowess—the sons of kings and princes—and ordered them to march by night and raid the Muslim camp. News of this reached Qutaybah, so he detached his brother Ṣāliḥ with six hundred horsemen, warriors whom none could withstand, and said, “Intercept their route.” They set out, lay in wait for the enemy midway, and split into three groups above the pass. When the Turks passed by them at night, unaware of their presence, the Muslims sprang upon them and a fierce battle ensued. Only a handful of those Turks escaped; the Muslims cut off their heads and seized whatever they carried of gold-inlaid weapons (3) and other goods.
Some of the slain had said, “Know that in this encounter you have killed none but the son of a king or a champion reckoned the equal of a hundred—indeed, a thousand—horsemen.” Qutaybah allowed his men to keep everything they had taken of gold and arms. He then advanced until he drew near the great city of Sogd—Samarkand—where he set up the catapults and, without relenting, continued to fight its defenders. Those from Bukhara and Khwarazm who were with him proved loyal and fought the Sogdians with great ferocity.
Gurak (4), king of Sogd, sent word to him: “You are fighting me with my own brothers and kinsmen; come out against me with the Arabs.” Qutaybah grew angry, separated the Arabs from the non-Arabs (5), placed the Arab champions in the vanguard, armed them with the finest weapons—taking them from the cowards—and advanced with the heroes against the city, bombarding it with catapults. He breached the wall, but the Turks filled the gap with bags of millet. One of them then