al-Ashʿath, calling him a reckless, witless and jealous fellow. He used to say, “His father is the very man who ripped the clothes from the Commander of the Believers ʿUthmān and killed him; he is the one who led ʿUbayd Allah ibn Ziyād to Muslim ibn ʿAqīl so that he could be put to death. His grandfather al-Ashʿath himself apostatised from Islam, and I have never laid eyes on the man without feeling the urge to kill him.”
When al-Hajjāj wrote this to Ibn al-Ashʿath, and letter after letter of the same tone kept reaching him, Ibn al-Ashʿath flew into a rage and said, “He dares write to me like that when he is not even fit to be one of my soldiers—no, not even one of my servants—because of his cowardice and weakness! Has that son of Thaqīf forgotten his own father, the coward who fled before Ghazālah?” (Ghazālah was the wife of Shabīb who once charged al-Hajjāj and his army, and they scattered before her even though she was only a woman when she entered Kūfa.)
Ibn al-Ashʿath then gathered the leading men of Iraq and said to them, “Al-Hajjāj is pressing you to plunge deep into the enemy’s land—the very land in which your brothers perished only yesterday. Now winter and its cold are upon you, so consider your situation. As for me, I will not obey him, nor will I go back on the opinion I held yesterday.” He then addressed them, explaining the plan he thought best for them and himself: to repair the lands they had just conquered, to remain there until they had grown strong on its harvests and wealth, to wait until the cold season had passed, and only then to advance through the enemy’s territory, taking it town by town until they besieged Rutbīl, king of the Turks, in his City of the Nobles. He also informed them⦘ (1) of what al-Hajjāj had written, ordering him to make an immediate assault on Rutbīl⦘ (2).
The people rose up and exclaimed, “No! We refuse the command of the enemy of Allah, al-Hajjāj, and we will neither listen to him nor obey him.”
Abū Mikhnaf⦘ (3) relates: Mutrif ibn ʿĀmir ibn Wāʾilah⦘ (4) al-Kinānī told me that his own father was the first to speak on the matter. He was both a poet and an eloquent orator, and among the things he said was:
“The likeness of al-Hajjāj’s counsel and of us is that of the man who said to his brother, ‘Put your slave on the horse: if he dies, he dies, and if he survives, he is yours.’ If you are victorious, it will only add to his power; but if you are killed, you will be branded hateful enemies.”
Then he proclaimed, “Depose the enemy of Allah, al-Hajjāj, and pledge allegiance to your commander ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ashʿath, for I testify before you that I am the first to cast off al-Hajjāj.”
Voices from every side cried, “We have cast off the enemy of Allah!” They leapt toward ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ashʿath, gave him the pledge in place of al-Hajjāj, and made no mention of removing ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān. Ibn al-Ashʿath then sent to Rutbīl and concluded a treaty: if they prevailed over al-Hajjāj, Rutbīl would never again pay land tax.
Ibn al-Ashʿath set off with the troops who were with him, marching from Sijistān toward al-Hajjāj in order to fight him and wrest Iraq from him. When they had covered half the distance, they said, “Deposing al-Hajjāj is tantamount to deposing the son of Marwān.” So they deposed them both and renewed their pledge to Ibn al-Ashʿath, who took their bayʿah on the Book of Allah, the Sunnah of His Messenger, the deposition of the imams of misguidance and the combat of the atheists⦘ (5). Whenever they answered, “Yes,” he accepted their oath.
When al-Hajjāj learned that they had renounced him and the Commander of the Believers ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān, he wrote to ʿAbd al-Malik informing him of the matter.