—by Yūsuf (1) ibn Hubayrah in the days of Yazīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik. They were then refined to an even higher standard by Khālid ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Qasrī during the reign of Hishām, after which Yūsuf ibn ʿUmar produced coins finer than all of them. For that reason al-Manṣūr would accept only the Hubayriyyah, the Khālidiyyah, and the Yūsufiyyah mintings.

People, it is reported, possessed various kinds of currency, among them the baghli dirhams (2), each dirham weighing eight daniqs; the Tabari dirhams—each four daniqs (3); and the Yamani, a single daniq. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb combined the baghli and the Tabari, then took half of that amount and fixed the legal dirham at one-half plus one-fifth of a mithqāl. They also relate that the weight of the mithqāl was never altered, whether in the pre-Islamic era or under Islam, though this deserves closer examination—Allah knows best.

In this same year Marwān ibn Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam was born. He is Marwān al-Ḥimār, the last Umayyad to assume the caliphate in Syria.

During the year ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān appointed Abān ibn ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān governor of Madinah, dismissing his uncle Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥakam and summoning him to Syria (4). That year the ḥajj was led by Abān ibn ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, then governor of Madinah; al-Ḥajjāj retained authority over Iraq, while Umayyah ibn ʿAbd Allāh governed Khurāsān. Allah knows best.

Among the notable deaths recorded for the year was Abū ʿUthmān al-Nahdī al-Quḍāʿī (5); his name was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Mull. He embraced Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet ﷺ and fought at Jalūlāʾ, al-Qādisiyyah, Tustar, Nahāwand, Azerbaijan, and other engagements. A man of great devotion, asceticism, and learning, he would fast by day and stand in prayer throughout the night.