It became well known among many of the early and later scholars that the town in question was “Antioch.” Ibn Isḥāq (1) transmitted this—as it had reached him—from Ibn ʿAbbās, Kaʿb al-Aḥbār, and Wahb ibn Munabbih; the same is reported from Buraydah ibn al-Ḥuṣayb, ʿIkrimah, Qatādah, al-Zuhri, and others.
Ibn Isḥāq further related, on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, Kaʿb, and Wahb, that they said: The city had a king named “Antīkhis” (2) son of Antīkhis, who worshipped idols. Allah therefore sent to him three messengers—Ṣādiq, Ṣadūq, and Shalūm—but he rejected them.
This plainly shows that they were messengers sent by Allah. Qatādah (3), however, claimed that they had been envoys of the Messiah.
Likewise, Ibn Jarīr (4) reported—from Wahb, from Ibn Sulaymān, from Shuʿayb al-Jubbāʾī—that the first two messengers were named Shimʿawn and Yūḥannā, and the third was Bawluṣ, and that the town was Antioch.
This view is extremely weak. When the Messiah later sent three of his disciples to Antioch, that city was actually the first to believe in him at that time. For that reason Antioch became one of the four metropolitan sees of Christendom—Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome—followed afterward by Constantinople. Its inhabitants were not destroyed, whereas the people of the town mentioned in the Qur’an were annihilated, as stated at the end of their story after they killed the friend of the messengers: “It was but one mighty blast, and there they were—lifeless” (Yā Sīn 36:29).
However, if the three messengers named in the Qur’an had been sent to the people of Antioch in ancient times, and they denied them so that Allah destroyed them, after which the city was rebuilt—so that in the time of the Messiah its inhabitants believed in his disciples—there is no contradiction. Allah knows best.
As for the claim that the episode recorded in the Qur’an is the story of Christ’s disciples, it is weak for the reasons already mentioned, and because the apparent sense of the Qur’anic narrative indicates that these messengers were sent by Allah.
Allah, Exalted is He, says: “And set forth for them the example”—that is, for your people, O Muḥammad—“of the people of the town, when the messengers came to it: (13) when We sent to them two and they rejected both of them, so We reinforced them with a third.” In other words, We strengthened the first two with a third messenger. “They said, ‘Indeed, we have been sent to you.’ ” The people responded that the messengers were only human beings like themselves, just as previous disbelieving nations had done, deeming it unlikely that Allah would send a human prophet. The messengers replied, “Our Lord knows that we have indeed been sent to you, (16) and our duty is only to deliver the clear message.” That is: our responsibility is merely to convey what we have been sent with; it is Allah who guides whom He wills and leads astray whom He wills.
“They said, ‘We see an evil omen in you,’ ” meaning: we regard the message you bring as a bad sign. “If you do not desist, we will surely stone you,” and it was said