Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

for half of the night, reciting the Quran letter by letter, bursting often into sobs and plaintive weeping while repeatedly chanting (1): “And the throes of death have come in truth; that is what you were striving to evade.” (Qaf 50:19)

Al-Aṣmaʿī related—through al-Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān, from Shuʿayb ibn Dirham [from Abū Rajāʾ] (2)—that he said: “In this spot,” and he pointed to the tracks of tears that had run down Ibn ʿAbbās’s cheeks, “there was a mark like a frayed sandal-thong from the amount of his weeping.” (3)

Another narrator said: “He used to fast on Monday and Thursday,” adding, “I love for my deeds to be raised while I am fasting.” (4)

Hushaym (5) and others transmitted—through ʿAlī ibn Zayd, from Yūsuf ibn Mihrān, from Ibn ʿAbbās—that the king of Rome wrote to Muʿāwiyah asking him about: the speech most beloved to Allah (exalted is He); which of the male servants is most honored before Allah (exalted is He); which of the female servants is most honored before Allah (exalted is He); four beings that possess a spirit yet were not carried in a womb; a grave that travelled with its occupant; a place on earth upon which the sun rose only once; what the rainbow is; and what the Milky Way is.

Muʿāwiyah thereupon summoned Ibn ʿAbbās and posed the questions to him, and Ibn ʿAbbās wrote back:
“• The speech most beloved to Allah is: Subḥān Allāh (Transcendent is Allah), al-ḥamdu lillāh (praise belongs to Allah), lā ilāha illā Allāh (there is no deity but Allah), Allāhu akbar (Allah is greater), and lā ḥawla wa lā quwwata illā billāh (there is no power nor might except with Allah).
• The male servant most honored by Allah is Adam: He created him with His own Hand, breathed into him of His Spirit, caused His angels to prostrate to him, and taught him the names of all things.
• The female servant most honored by Allah is Maryam daughter of ʿImrān.
• The four who possessed a spirit yet were not borne in a womb are Adam, Eve, the staff of Moses, and the ram with which Abraham ransomed Ishmael.
(In another version: and the she-camel of Ṣāliḥ.)
• The grave that travelled with its occupant is the whale of Jonah.
• The place upon which the sun shone only once is the sea when it was cleft for Moses and the Children of Israel crossed through it.
• The rainbow is a security for the people of the earth against drowning.
• The Milky Way is a gate in the sky—in another narration, the opening through which it is rent.”

When the king of Rome read this, he was impressed and said, “By Allah, this did not come from Muʿāwiyah nor is it his own statement; rather it comes from the household of the Prophet ﷺ.” Numerous versions of these questions have been transmitted, some of which warrant further examination. (6)

Among them is a report that he asked about one who has no qiblah, one who has no clan, one who has no father, and about “a thing,” “half a thing,” and “nothing.”

He also sent a small vial, saying, “Send me in this the seed of every thing.”

Ibn ʿAbbās wrote back: “As for the one who has no qiblah, that is Allah (exalted is He); as for the one who has no clan, that is Adam (peace be upon him);”

(1) Hilyat al-Awliya (Vol. 1, p. 403), also cited by al-Dhahabi in Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala (Vol. 3, p. 342). al-Nashij: “the most intense form of weeping,” akin to an infant’s sob when the sound remains confined in the chest without being expelled; see al-Qamus (s.v. nashij). (2) Material between them is omitted in the original. (3) Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala (Vol. 3, p. 352). (4) In the same work. (5) In the edition titled “Hashim” this is a corruption; the correct name is Hashim ibn Bathir, one of the transmitters cited in Tahdhib. (6) Mukhtasar Tarikh Dimashq (Vol. 12, pp. 315–316).
شطر اللّيل، ويرتل القرآن حرفًا حرفًا، ويكثر في ذلك من النشيج والنحيب ويقرأ (١) : ﴿وَجَاءَتْ سَكْرَةُ الْمَوْتِ بِالْحَقِّ ذَلِكَ مَا كُنْتَ مِنْهُ تَحِيدُ﴾ [ق: ١٩] . وقال الأصمعي: عن المعتمر بن سليمان، عن شعيب بن درهم [عن أبي رجاء] (٢) قال: كان في هذا المكان -وأومأ إلى مجرى الدموع من خديه يعني خدي ابن عباس- مثل الشراك البالي من البكاء (٣) . وقال غيره: كان يصوم يوم الإثنين والخميس، وقال: أحب أن يرتفع عملي وأنا صائم (٤) . وروى هُشيم (٥) وغيره عن علي بن زيد، عن يوسف بن مهران، عن ابن عباس: أن ملك الروم كتب إلى معاوية يسأله عن أحبِّ الكلام إلى اللَّه – Exalté soit-Il – . ومنْ أكرم العباد على اللَّه – Exalté soit-Il – ، ومن أكرم الإماء على اللَّه – Exalté soit-Il – . وعن أربعة فيهم الروح فلم يركضوا في رحم، وعن قبر سار بصاحبه، وعن مكانٍ في الأرض لم تطلع فيه الشمس إلا مرة واحدة، وعن قوس قزح ما هو؟ وعن المجرة. فبعث معاوية فسأل ابن عباس عنهن فكتب ابن عباس إليه: أما أحب الكلام إلى اللَّه فسبحان اللَّه والحمد للَّه ولا إله إلا اللَّه واللَّه أكبر، ولا حول ولا قوة إلا باللَّه، وأكرم العباد على اللَّه آدم، خلقه بيده، ونفخ فيه من روحه، وأسجد له ملائكته، وعلمه أسماء كل شيء. وأكرم الإماء على اللَّه مريم بنت عمران، وأما الأربعة الذين لم يركضوا في رحم، فآدم وحواء وعصا موسى وكبش إبراهيم الذي فدى به إسماعيل. وفي رواية: وناقة صالح، وأما القبر الذي سار بصاحبه فهو حوت يونس، وأما المكان الذي لم تصبه الشمس إلا مرة واحدة فهو البحر لما انفلق لموسى حتى جاز بنو إسرائيل فيه، وأما قوس قزح فأمان لأهل الأرض من الغرق، والمجرة باب في السماء، وفي رواية الذي ينشق منه. فلما قرأ ملك الروم ذلك أعجبه وقال: واللَّه ما هي من عند معاوية ولا من قوله، وإنما هي من عند أهل النبي ﷺ ، وقد ورد في هذه الأسئلة روايات كثيرة فيها وفي بعضها نظر (٦) . منها: أنه سأله عمن لا قبل له، وعمَّن لا عشيرة له، وعمَّن لا أب له، وعن شيءٍ، ونصف شيءٍ ولا شيء؟ وأرسل قارورة؛ فقال: ابعث إليّ في هذه ببزر كلّ شيء. فكتب إليه يقول: أما الذي لا قبل له؛ فاللَّه – Exalté soit-Il – ، وأما من لا عشيرة له؛ فآدم (عليه السلام) ،
(١) حلية الأولياء (١/ ٤٠٣) وذكره الذهبي في السير (٣/ ٣٤٢) والنشيج: أحرّ البكاء، وهو مثل البكاء للصّبي إذا ردد صوته في صدره ولم يخرجه، القاموس (نشج). (٢) ما بينهما ساقط من الأصل. (٣) سير أعلام النبلاء (٣/ ٣٥٢). (٤) المصدر نفسه. (٥) في ط: "هاشم"، محرف، وهو هشيم بن بثير، من رجال التهذيب. (٦) مختصر تاريخ دمشق (١٢/ ٣١٥ - ٣١٦).

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