for half of the night, reciting the Quran letter by letter, bursting often into sobs and plaintive weeping while repeatedly chanting (1): “And the throes of death have come in truth; that is what you were striving to evade.” (Qaf 50:19)
Al-Aṣmaʿī related—through al-Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān, from Shuʿayb ibn Dirham [from Abū Rajāʾ] (2)—that he said: “In this spot,” and he pointed to the tracks of tears that had run down Ibn ʿAbbās’s cheeks, “there was a mark like a frayed sandal-thong from the amount of his weeping.” (3)
Another narrator said: “He used to fast on Monday and Thursday,” adding, “I love for my deeds to be raised while I am fasting.” (4)
Hushaym (5) and others transmitted—through ʿAlī ibn Zayd, from Yūsuf ibn Mihrān, from Ibn ʿAbbās—that the king of Rome wrote to Muʿāwiyah asking him about: the speech most beloved to Allah (exalted is He); which of the male servants is most honored before Allah (exalted is He); which of the female servants is most honored before Allah (exalted is He); four beings that possess a spirit yet were not carried in a womb; a grave that travelled with its occupant; a place on earth upon which the sun rose only once; what the rainbow is; and what the Milky Way is.
Muʿāwiyah thereupon summoned Ibn ʿAbbās and posed the questions to him, and Ibn ʿAbbās wrote back:
“• The speech most beloved to Allah is: Subḥān Allāh (Transcendent is Allah), al-ḥamdu lillāh (praise belongs to Allah), lā ilāha illā Allāh (there is no deity but Allah), Allāhu akbar (Allah is greater), and lā ḥawla wa lā quwwata illā billāh (there is no power nor might except with Allah).
• The male servant most honored by Allah is Adam: He created him with His own Hand, breathed into him of His Spirit, caused His angels to prostrate to him, and taught him the names of all things.
• The female servant most honored by Allah is Maryam daughter of ʿImrān.
• The four who possessed a spirit yet were not borne in a womb are Adam, Eve, the staff of Moses, and the ram with which Abraham ransomed Ishmael.
(In another version: and the she-camel of Ṣāliḥ.)
• The grave that travelled with its occupant is the whale of Jonah.
• The place upon which the sun shone only once is the sea when it was cleft for Moses and the Children of Israel crossed through it.
• The rainbow is a security for the people of the earth against drowning.
• The Milky Way is a gate in the sky—in another narration, the opening through which it is rent.”
When the king of Rome read this, he was impressed and said, “By Allah, this did not come from Muʿāwiyah nor is it his own statement; rather it comes from the household of the Prophet ﷺ.” Numerous versions of these questions have been transmitted, some of which warrant further examination. (6)
Among them is a report that he asked about one who has no qiblah, one who has no clan, one who has no father, and about “a thing,” “half a thing,” and “nothing.”
He also sent a small vial, saying, “Send me in this the seed of every thing.”
Ibn ʿAbbās wrote back: “As for the one who has no qiblah, that is Allah (exalted is He); as for the one who has no clan, that is Adam (peace be upon him);”