Al-Waqidi (1) said: In this very year Egypt was struck by a plague that carried off great multitudes of its people, and during it ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn Marwan minted gold dinars in Egypt—the first to strike them there [bihā (‘there’)] (2).
The author of Mirʾāt al-Zamān (3) relates: In this same year ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan began constructing the Dome over the Rock in Jerusalem and renovating al-Masjid al-Aqsa; the work was completed in 73 AH. The reason was that ʿAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr had taken control of Mecca. During the days of Mina and ʿArafah, when the people were assembled in Mecca, he would preach, reviling ʿAbd al-Malik and listing the faults of the Marwanid clan, saying: “The Prophet ﷺ cursed al-Hakam and all his offspring (4); he was a fugitive from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and one upon whom His curse fell.” He called people to pledge allegiance to himself, and being an eloquent speaker, most of the Syrians inclined toward him. When this reached ʿAbd al-Malik he forbade the people to perform the Hajj, and they protested loudly. He therefore built the Dome over the Rock and al-Masjid al-Aqsa to divert them from the pilgrimage and to win their hearts [wa-yastaʿṭifu qulūbahum (‘and to soften their hearts’)]. The people would stand by the Rock and circumambulate it just as they circumambulate the Kaʿbah, slaughter their sacrifices on the festival day, and shave their heads—thus giving Ibn al-Zubayr further grounds to censure him [fa-fataḥa bi-dhālika ʿalā nafsihi bi-anna shannaʿa Ibn al-Zubayr ʿalayhi, ‘thereby enabling Ibn al-Zubayr to heap reproach upon him’]. In Mecca Ibn al-Zubayr would proclaim: “He has imitated what the [akāsira fi] īwān Kisrā (‘the Persian monarchs did in the palace of Chosroes’) and in the Green Dome, just as Muʿawiyah did; he has shifted the tawāf from the House of Allah to the qiblah of the Children of Israel,” and similar denunciations (5).
When ʿAbd al-Malik resolved to build it, he travelled from Damascus to Jerusalem with ample funds and workmen. He entrusted the project to Rajāʾ ibn Ḥaywah (6) and Yazīd ibn Sallām, his freedwoman (7). Gathering the craftsmen and architects, he ordered them to sketch a model of the Dome in the mosque’s courtyard; the design pleased him. He then constructed a treasury to the east of the Dome and filled it with money (8), instructing Rajāʾ ibn Ḥaywah and Yazīd to spend freely without hesitation. They erected the Dome that still stands today, and on the qiblah side they built seven miḥrābs, each crowned with a dome (9); the dome that remains over the miḥrāb today is the central one. When the Dome was finished he had two coverings made for it—one of red labbūd wool for the winter, and the other (10)