I say: According to the sunnah, Muʿāwiyah should be called “king,” not “caliph,” because of the ḥadith of Safīnah: “The caliphate after me will last for thirty years; then it will become biting kingship.”⦗1⦘
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān once spoke of Muʿāwiyah and said, “I have never seen his equal in forbearance [in endurance and in generosity].”⦗2⦘
Qabīṣah ibn Jābir said, “I have never met anyone more forbearing, more noble, more deliberate, more gentle in manner, or broader-handed in doing good than Muʿāwiyah.”
Someone related that a man addressed Muʿāwiyah with exceedingly harsh words. People said to him, “Why do you not strike him?” He replied, “I am ashamed before Allah that my forbearance should prove too narrow for the offence of any one of my subjects.”
Another narration states that a man said to him, “O Commander of the Believers, how great is your forbearance!” He answered, “I am ashamed that anyone’s wrongdoing should be greater than my forbearance.”
Al-Aṣmaʿī transmitted from al-Thawrī that Muʿāwiyah said, “I am ashamed that any sin outstrip my pardon, or any ignorance outdo my forbearance, or that there be a fault I fail to cover with my veil.”
Al-Shaʿbī and al-Aṣmaʿī, from his father, reported: A man called Abū al-Jahm had words with Muʿāwiyah and spoke in a manner that distressed him. Muʿāwiyah lowered his head, then raised it and said, “O Abū al-Jahm, beware of the ruler: he grows angry with the anger of a child and strikes with the grip of a lion; even a small portion of his wrath overcomes most people.” He then ordered that Abū al-Jahm be given money, whereupon Abū al-Jahm composed these lines praising Muʿāwiyah:
We lean upon his flanks as though, when we incline,
we were leaning upon our father.
We turn him this way and that to test his two states,
and in both we find generosity and gentleness.⦗3⦘
Al-Aʿmash said: Al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī performed ṭawāf with Muʿāwiyah, and Muʿāwiyah walked ahead of him, whereupon al-Ḥasan said: