Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam, or they would kill him. Thus they hoped he would either surrender Marwān to the people or depose himself and thereby find relief from this severe crisis. As for killing, no one (1) ever imagined it would occur, nor that those men would dare go to such an extreme—until the deed was done. Allah knows best.
Second: The Companions defended him with the utmost determination; but when the siege became intense, ʿUthmān ordered the people to restrain their hands and sheathe their weapons, and they complied. The rebels were then able to carry out what they wanted, yet even then no one (of the people) thought he would actually be killed outright.
Third: These khawārij (secessionists) took advantage of the absence of many [or most] of the people of Madinah during the days of ḥajj. No supporting armies had yet arrived from the provinces, and when their coming drew near the rebels—may Allah debase them—seized their opportunity and committed that momentous crime.
Fourth: The khawārij numbered close to two thousand seasoned fighters, whereas Madinah perhaps did not contain that many combatants, for the Muslim forces were on the frontier posts and throughout the provinces in every direction [and at the pilgrimage]. Moreover, many of the Companions [had] withdrawn from this fitna (civil strife) and stayed in their homes; those who did come to the mosque would do so only with a sword, placing it across their folded legs when seated. Meanwhile the khawārij had surrounded ʿUthmān’s—may Allah be pleased with him—house; and even had anyone wished to drive them away, it might not have been possible. Nevertheless, the senior Companions had sent their sons to the house to defend (2) ʿUthmān—may Allah be pleased with him—until the relief armies could arrive from the various regions. People were taken unawares when the rebels seized the house from the outside, set its gate on fire, scaled the walls, and killed him. As for the claim some people make that certain Companions abandoned him and were pleased with his murder, this is not authentic (3): not a single Companion ever consented to the killing of ʿUthmān—may Allah be pleased with him. Indeed, they all detested it, condemned it, and cursed whoever perpetrated it. Some of them, however, did wish that he would resign of his own accord, such as ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥamaq, and others (4).
Abū ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (5) said: They buried ʿUthmān—may Allah be pleased with him—in Ḥush Kawkab, a plot he had purchased and later annexed to al-Baqīʿ.
One of the early Muslims spoke well (6) when, asked about ʿUthmān, he said: “He is the leader of the righteous and the victim of the wicked; forsaken is the one who forsook him, and victorious is the one who supported him.”