Khalīfa (1) said: “In this same year ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ captured Tripoli in the Maghrib, though some say it was in the year that followed.”

I (the author) say: “There is something puzzling in all of this, for it is attributed (2) to events already mentioned; Allah knows best.”

Our shaykh said: “In that year Ubayy ibn Kaʿb died, according to al-Wāqidī, Ibn Numayr, al-Dhuhlī, and al-Tirmidhī—although his death was earlier placed under the year 19.”

Muʿaḍḍad ibn Yazīd al-Shaybānī was martyred in Adharbayjan, but he possessed no Companion-status.

[Then the year 23 AH began]

In it occurred the death of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (may Allah be pleased with him).

Al-Wāqidī and Abū Maʿshar (3) said: “During this year Istakhr and Hamadhan were conquered.”

Sayf stated: “Their conquest came after the second taking of Tawwaj (4).” He then related that the one who captured Tawwaj was Mujāshiʿ ibn Masʿūd, who had slain a great multitude of Persians and taken abundant spoils from them. He imposed the jizya on its inhabitants, granted them a covenant of protection, and sent the news of victory along with the one-fifth share of the booty to ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (may Allah be pleased with him).

Sayf further reported that ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ seized Jūr (5) after a fierce battle fought there; thereafter the Muslims captured Istakhr—this being the second time—for its people had broken the pact after the forces of al-ʿAlāʾ ibn al-Ḥaḍramī had first taken it when they crossed the sea from the region of Bahrain and confronted the Persians at a place called Ṭāwūs, as has been explained in detail elsewhere. Al-Hirbad then made peace with him on payment of the jizya and the granting of protection; after that he dispatched the fifth-share and the glad tidings to ʿUmar.

Ibn Jarīr (6) said: “Envoys were given gifts and their needs were met, just as the Messenger of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him—used to do.”

Later Shahrak repudiated the covenant, broke the treaty, and roused the Persians, who likewise rebelled. ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ therefore sent his son together with his brother al-Ḥakam against them. They fought the Persians, and Allah routed the armies of the polytheists. Al-Ḥakam ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ killed Shahrak and also killed his son along with him.

Abū Maʿshar said: “The first campaign in Fars and the second conquest of Istakhr occurred in the year 28 during the caliphate of ʿUthmān, while the second campaign in Fars and the engagement at Jūr took place in the year 29.”