and carried out for him the pledge that al-Ṣiddīq had given. He thus became the first Muslim to govern the city. The prevalent opinion is that he died in the Plague of ʿAmwās, as stated above, although al-Walīd ibn Muslim claimed that his death came in 19 AH, after the conquest of Caesarea. When he died he had already appointed his brother Muʿāwiyah as acting governor of Damascus, and ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ratified that appointment—may Allah be pleased with them. Nothing of his own writings has reached us, yet Abū ʿAbd Allah al-Ashʿarī reports from him that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

“The likeness of the one who prays without perfecting his bowing and his prostration is that of a hungry man who eats only one or two dates—they do nothing to satisfy him.” (1)

Abū Jandal ibn Suhayl (2) ibn ʿAmr—some say his given name was al-ʿĀṣ—embraced Islam early. On the day of the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah he came forward as a Muslim, dragging his fetters, for he had been overpowered; his father forced him back and refused to finalize the treaty unless he was returned. Abū Jandal later escaped to join Abū Baṣir (3) on the seacoast (4), then emigrated to Madinah and took part in the conquest of Syria. As noted earlier, he once drew a mistaken inference from the verse on wine but later repented (5). He died in the Plague of ʿAmwās—may Allah have mercy on him and be pleased with him.

Abū ʿUbaydah ibn al-Jarrah is ʿĀmir ibn ʿAbd Allah; his biography has already been mentioned.

Abū Mālik al-Ashʿarī (6)—it is said his name was Kaʿb ibn ʿĀṣim—arrived as an emigrant in the year of Khaybar with the Companions of the Ship, witnessed the subsequent campaigns, and was martyred in the Plague of ʿAmwās along with Abū ʿUbaydah and Muʿādh on the same day—may Allah be pleased with them all.

[Then the year 19 AH began.]

Al-Waqidī and others said that the conquests of al-Madāʾin and Jalūlāʾ took place that year, but the more widespread view, as noted earlier, is otherwise. Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq stated that in this year the Muslims conquered al-Jazīrah, Edessa, Ḥarrān, Raʾs al-ʿAyn, and Nisibis, though others disagreed (7). Abū Maʿshar, Khalīfah (8), and Ibn al-Kalbī held that Caesarea was taken this year under the command of Muʿāwiyah, while others attributed it to Yazīd ibn Abī Sufyān; however, it has already been noted that Muʿāwiyah had captured it two years earlier. Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq also said that