the booty.
ʿUmar then said, “May Allah reward the people of Kūfah most generously: they protect their own frontier and send reinforcements to the other garrison cities.”

[The Conquest of al-Jazīrah]
Ibn Jarīr (1) said: “In this very year al-Jazīrah was conquered,” as reported by Sayf ibn ʿUmar (2).
He further stated that it took place in Dhū al-Ḥijjah of the year 17, agreeing with Sayf ibn ʿUmar that the conquest occurred that same year.

Ibn Isḥāq held that it happened in the year 19. ʿIyāḍ ibn Ghanm set out for the region, accompanied by Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, ʿUmar ibn Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ—who was then a mere youth with no command of his own—and ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ. ʿIyāḍ encamped at al-Ruhā, whose inhabitants agreed to pay the jizyah; Ḥarrān concluded the same terms. He then dispatched Abū Mūsā to Naṣībīn, ʿUmar ibn Saʿd to Raʾs al-ʿAyn, and marched himself to Dārā; all these towns were opened. He also sent ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ to Armenia, where some fighting took place and Ṣafwān ibn al-Muʿaṭṭal al-Sulamī was martyred. Thereafter ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ made peace with them on the basis of the jizyah, at the rate of one dinar per household.

Sayf, in another narration, related: ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ghassān came on foot until he reached Mosul, crossed over to Balad, and continued on to Naṣībīn. Its people met him with an offer of peace, behaving just as the inhabitants of al-Raqqah had done. He then wrote to ʿUmar, sending the leaders of the Christian Arabs of al-Jazīrah.

ʿUmar said to them, “Pay the jizyah.”
They replied, “Grant us safe-conduct; by Allah, if you impose the jizyah upon us we shall certainly go into (3) Byzantine territory, and you will disgrace us among the Arabs.”
He answered, “You have disgraced yourselves and abandoned your own community. By Allah, you will pay the jizyah in a state of humbled subservience (4); and if you flee to the Byzantines, I will surely write concerning you and then take you captive.”
They said, “Then take something from us, but do not call it jizyah (5).”
He retorted, “For our part, we shall call it jizyah; you may call it whatever you wish.”

ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib then said to him, “Did not Saʿd reduce the amount of ṣadaqah that was due from them?”
He replied, “Indeed,” whereupon he inclined toward that view and accepted it from them.

[ʿUmar’s (may Allah be pleased with him) Arrival in Syria]
Ibn Jarīr (6) said: “In this very year ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (may Allah be pleased with him) travelled to Syria and, according to Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, reached Sargh.”
Sayf said: “He reached al-Jābiyah.”
I (the author) say: The more widely accepted report is that he reached Sargh, and that he was met by