Abū Maʿshar likewise stated: “Then ʿAmwās and al-Jābiyah took place in the year 16 AH; after that came Sargh in 17 AH, and the Year of al-Ramādah in 18 AH.” He added: “In that same year occurred the affair of ʿAmwās—that is, the conquest of the town known as ʿAmwās⦗1⦘—whereas the plague that bears its name did not break out until 18 AH, as will be mentioned shortly, if Allah Most High wills.”
Abū Mikhnaf⦗2⦘ related: When ʿUmar reached Syria, beheld the Ghūṭah of Damascus, and looked upon the city, its palaces, and its orchards, he recited Allah’s words:
“How many gardens and springs they left behind,
and crops and noble dwellings,
and comforts in which they once delighted.
Thus it was; and We caused another people to inherit them.”
(Sūrah al-Dukhān 25–28)
He then chanted the verses of al-Nābighah⦗3⦘:
Two youthful heroes of their age, upon whom
Day and night press on in swift succession;
Whenever they pass a tribe living in bliss,
They make it halt until grim fate befalls.
At first glance this might suggest that he entered Damascus, yet that is not the case; no report states that he entered it on any of his three journeys to Syria. On the first of those journeys—the present one—he travelled from al-Jābiyah straight to Bayt al-Maqdis, as related by Sayf and others; and Allah knows best.
Al-Wāqidī said: According to transmitters other than the Syrians, ʿUmar entered Syria twice and, on the third occasion, turned back from Sargh in 17 AH; they also claim that on that third journey he entered Damascus and Ḥimṣ. Al-Wāqidī rejected this.
I say: It is not known that he entered Damascus at all save in the pre-Islamic period before his acceptance of Islam, as we have detailed in his biography.
We have also transmitted that when ʿUmar entered Bayt al-Maqdis he asked Kaʿb al-Aḥbār about the location of the Rock. Kaʿb replied, “O Commander of the Faithful, measure from Wādī Jahannam (the Valley of Hell) such-and-such cubits and you will find it there.” They measured, and there it was. The Christians had turned the Rock into a rubbish heap—just as the Jews had done with the Place of Refuse, the spot where the one made to resemble Jesus was crucified, whom the Christians and the Jews believed to be the Messiah. Allah, exalted is He, has declared their belief false.
The point is that when the Christians took control of Jerusalem, roughly three hundred years before the Prophetic mission, they cleansed the Place of Refuse and erected upon it a massive church built by the mother of King Constantine, founder of the city that bears his name. Her name was Helena, the Ḥarrāniyyah, the Banduqāniyyah⦗4⦘. She ordered her son to build for the Christians the church at Bethlehem on the site of the nativity, and she herself built over what they claim to be the site of the tomb. In short, they also turned the former qiblah of the Jews into a refuse dump, in retaliation for what the Jews had done in earlier and later times. When ʿUmar conquered Jerusalem and confirmed the site of the Rock, he ordered that the filth upon it be cleared away—even, it is said, sweeping it off with his own cloak—then—