to al-Ṣiddīq, asking him for reinforcements. He replied, “Khalid is the one for this,” so he sent for Khalid, and Khalid joined them in Rabīʿ al-Ākhir. No sooner had Khalid arrived than Bāhān came up as succour for the Byzantines, accompanied by priests, deacons, and monks who urged and incited them to fight for the victory of Christianity. The Byzantine force was now complete: 240,000 men—eighty thousand fettered together with iron and ropes, eighty thousand cavalry, and eighty thousand infantry.
Sayf (1) says: it is also reported that those who were chained were thirty thousand, ten men to each chain so that they would not flee; Allah knows best.
Sayf likewise states that ʿIkrimah arrived with the troops under his command, bringing the Muslim army up to between 36,000 and 40,000.
Ibn Isḥāq and al-Madāʾinī also relate that the Battle of Ajnādayn preceded the Battle of Yarmūk. Ajnādayn occurred with two nights remaining of Jumādā al-Ūlā in the year 13 AH. Many Companions were killed there, yet the Byzantines were routed and their commander al-Qayqalan was slain. He had sent a man from the Christian Arabs to reconnoitre the Muslims; when the scout returned he said, “I found a people who are monks by night and knights by day. By Allah, if the son of their king were to steal they would cut off his hand, and if he committed fornication they would stone him.” Al-Qayqalan replied, “By Allah, if you are telling the truth, the belly of the earth is better than its surface.”
Sayf ibn ʿUmar continues: Khalid found the Muslim forces dispersed—Abu ʿUbaydah and ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀs in one sector, Yazid and Shurahbīl in another—so Khalid addressed the people.
In his account of Yarmūk, Sayf relates that Khalid ordered them to unite and forbade division and discord. The Muslims therefore massed together and arrayed themselves opposite the enemy on the first of Jumādā al-Ākhirah. Khalid ibn al-Walīd praised Allah and said:
“This is one of Allah’s days; boasting and tyranny have no place in it. Purify your jihad and seek Allah alone by your deeds. This is a day whose outcome will shape what follows: if today we drive them back to their trench, we shall ever after drive them back; but if they vanquish us, we shall never prosper again. Come, then, let us rotate the command—one of us today, another tomorrow, and another the day after—until each of you has taken his turn. Let me lead you today.” They appointed him, thinking the matter would last a long time.
The Byzantines advanced in a deployment the like of which had never been seen, and Khalid advanced in a formation no Arab army had ever mustered. He set out in thirty-six (to forty) squadrons, each squadron one thousand men under its own commander. He placed Abu ʿUbaydah in the centre; on the right wing were ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀs with Shurahbīl ibn Ḥasana, and on the left wing Yazid ibn Abī Sufyān. Over every squadron he appointed a commander; over the vanguard he set Qubath (2) ibn Ashyam, over the spoils ʿAbd Allah ibn Masʿūd, as judge that day Abū al-Dardāʾ, and their preacher who