Thus, among those twelve are the four Rightly Guided Caliphs: Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī—may Allah be pleased with them all. Included as well is ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and some of the ʿAbbāsid rulers. The ḥadīth does not intend that these twelve appear in unbroken succession; rather, it merely affirms that they must all exist.
It certainly does not refer to the twelve imams in whom the Rāfiḍah place their creed, the first of whom they reckon as ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and the last the one they say is “in occultation” in the cellar of Sāmarrāʾ (1)—Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī, as they allege. None of those individuals proved more beneficial than ʿAlī himself and his son al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī, who laid down arms, ceded authority to Muʿāwiyah, extinguished the blaze of civil discord, and stilled the grinding mill of war among the Muslims. The rest were simply subjects; they exercised no governance over the ummah in any matter whatsoever. As for the fanciful tale of the cellar of Sāmarrāʾ, it is nothing but a delusion in the mind and a fevered dream of the soul—void of reality, substance, or trace.
To return to our narrative: when Hājar—peace be upon her—gave birth to Ishmael, Sarah’s jealousy intensified, and she asked the Friend of Allah to remove Hājar from her sight. Abraham therefore took Hājar and her son and journeyed until he settled them where Mecca stands today. It is said that the child was still an infant at the breast.
After leaving them there and turning away, Hājar followed him, clinging to his garments and pleading, “O Abraham! Where are you going, leaving us in this desolate place with nothing to sustain us?” He gave her no reply. She persisted, yet he remained silent. She then asked, “Did Allah command you to do this?” He answered, “Yes.” She said, “Then He will not forsake us.”
Shaykh Abū Muḥammad Ibn Abī Zayd—may Allah have mercy on him—reports in his book al-Nawādir that Sarah became angry with Hājar and swore an oath to cut off three of her body parts. Abraham instructed her to pierce Hājar’s ears and to perform khafḍ on her (2) so that she might fulfil her oath.
Al-Suhaylī adds that Hājar was the first woman to be circumcised, the first to have her ears pierced, and the first to lengthen the train of her garment.
The Migration of Abraham with his son Ishmael and his mother Hājar to the mountains of Fārān—namely, the land of Mecca—and his construction of the Ancient House
Al-Bukhārī (3) relates: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad—Abū Bakr ibn Abī Shaybah—narrated to us; ʿAbd al-Razzāq narrated to us; Maʿmar narrated to us, from Ayyūb al-Sakhtiyānī and Kathīr ibn Kathīr ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn Abī Wadaʿah—one of them adding to the narration of the other—from Saʿīd ibn