Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

—You are attending to a new affair; and You, O Allah, have encompassed everything in knowledge.’
He said, ‘At that moment I knew that these people could not have been aided by angels unless they were acting in accordance with Allah’s command.’ His acceptance of Islam was sound, and the Companions would later listen to him.

Account of the Apostasy of the People of ʿUmān and of Mahra (1) in Yemen

As for the people of ʿUmān, there emerged (2) among them a man called Dhū l-Tāj, Laqīṭ ibn Mālik al-Azdī—known in the pre-Islamic period as al-Julandā. He, too, claimed prophethood, and the ignorant folk of ʿUmān followed him. He gained control of the land, overpowered Jāfar and ʿAbbād, and drove them to its outlying districts along the mountains and the sea. Jāfar therefore wrote to al-Ṣiddīq, informing him of what had happened and calling for help. Al-Ṣiddīq sent two commanders: Ḥudhayfah ibn Miḥṣan al-Ḥimyarī and ʿArfajah al-Bāriqī of al-Azd—Ḥudhayfah to ʿUmān and ʿArfajah to Mahra. He ordered them to meet, agree on a plan, and begin with ʿUmān, with Ḥudhayfah acting as overall commander; once they moved on to the land of Mahra, ʿArfajah would assume command.

We have already mentioned that when al-Ṣiddīq sent ʿIkrimah ibn Abī Jahl against Musaylimah, with Shurahbīl ibn Ḥasanah to follow, ʿIkrimah advanced ahead of Shurahbīl and engaged Musaylimah on his own, hoping to secure the victory for himself. Musaylimah wounded him and his men, so he withdrew until Khālid ibn al-Walīd arrived and defeated Musaylimah, as previously related. Al-Ṣiddīq wrote to ʿIkrimah, rebuking him for his haste: ‘I do not wish to see you, nor even hear of you, until you have proved yourself in battle.’ He ordered him to join Ḥudhayfah and ʿArfajah in ʿUmān: each of you is commander over his own contingent, but while you remain in ʿUmān, Ḥudhayfah is commander over all. When you have finished there, proceed to Mahra; once that is done, go on to Yemen and Ḥaḍramawt and stay with al-Muhājir ibn Abī Umayyah. Any apostate you encounter between ʿUmān and Ḥaḍramawt or Yemen—deal with him harshly.’

ʿIkrimah set out in obedience to al-Ṣiddīq’s orders and caught up with Ḥudhayfah and ʿArfajah before they reached ʿUmān. Al-Ṣiddīq had also written to the latter two that, once their march from ʿUmān was complete or they had settled there, they should defer to ʿIkrimah’s judgement. They advanced together, and when they drew near to ʿUmān they sent word to Jāfar. News of the army’s arrival reached Laqīṭ ibn Mālik, who came out with his forces and camped at a place called Dabā (3)—the chief town and greatest market of that region. He placed the women, children, and wealth behind their lines to strengthen their resolve. Jāfar and ʿAbbād gathered at a place called Ṣuḥār (4), where they encamped and sent for al-Ṣiddīq’s commanders, who then joined the Muslims. The two armies faced each other there and fought a fierce battle. The Muslims were sorely tested and were on the verge of retreat, when Allah—

(1) The report of the apostasy (ridda) of the people of Oman and the Mahra of Yemen is recorded in al-Tabari’s History (Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 3, p. 313) and in al-Kamil by Ibn al-Athir (vol. 2, p. 372). Yaqut al-Hamawi observes that the form Mahra (with a fatha followed by sukun) is commonly used by the general populace, whereas the correct vocalization is Mahara (with two short vowels), as attested in the manuscripts of several early scholar-imams who unanimously agree on it. In Yemen there is a place called Mukhlat—named by ellipsis of the genitive—lying about a month’s journey from Oman and likewise from Hadhramaut (Mu‘jam al-Buldan, vol. 5, p. 234). (2) The verb nabagha, when used of a person (“nabagha minhu sha‘ir”), means “a poet emerged,” and when said of a thing, it means “the tongue appeared,” i.e. “it became articulated” (nabagha). (3) Daba (with a fatha on the first letter and a shortened vocalization) was one of the Arab markets in Oman and, in earlier times, served as the citadel (qasaba) of Oman (Mu‘jam al-Buldan, vol. 2, p. 436). (4) Suhar: the citadel of Oman located at the foot of the mountain, with its twin settlement on the coast. Al-Bakri reports that there was also a Suhar among the Banu Tamim in al-Yamama or its environs (Mu‘jam al-Buldan, vol. 3, p. 393; Ma Ista‘jam, p. 825).
أنتَ في شأنٍ، وعلمتَ اللَّهم كل شيء علمًا، قال: فعلمتُ أنَّ القوم لم يعانوا بالملائكة إلَّا وهم على أمر الله، قال: فحسُنَ إسلامه وكان الصحابةُ يسمعون منه. ذكرُ ردَّة أهلِ عُمان ومَهَرَ (١) اليَمَنِ أما أهل عُمان فنبغَ (٢) فيهم رجلٌ يقالَ له: ذو التاج لَقيطُ بن مالك الأَزدي، وكان يُسَمَّى في الجاهلية الجُلَنْدَى، فادّعى النُّبوَّة أيضًا، وتابعَهُ الجَهَلَةُ من أهل عُمان، فتغلَّب عليها وقهر جيفرًا وعبادًا وألجأهما إلى أطرافها، من نواحي الجبال والبحر، فبعثَ جيفر إلى الصديق فأخبره الخبر واستجاشه، فبعث إليه الصديق بأميرين وهما حذيفة بن محصن الحميري، وعرفجة البارقي من الأزد؛ حذيفة إلى عمان، وعرفجة إلى مهرة، وأمرهما أن يجتمعا ويتّفقا ويبتدئا بعُمان، وحذيفة هو الأمير فإذا ساروا إلى بلاد مهرة فعرفجة الأمير. وقد قدمنا أن عكرمةَ بن أبي جهل لمّا بعثه الصديقُ إلى مسيلمةَ وإتباعِه بشرحبيل بن حسنة، عجَّل عكرمةُ وناهضَ مسيلمةَ قبلَ مجيءِ شرحبيل ليفوز بالظَّفر وحدَه، فناله من مسيلمة قرحٌ والذين معه، فتقهقر حتى جاء خالدُ بن الوليد، فقهرَ مسيلمة كما تقدّم، وكتب إليه الصديق يلومُه على تسرُّعه، قال: لا أرينَّك ولا أسمعن بك إلا بعد بلاء، وأمره أن يلحقَ بحذيفة وعرفجة إلى عُمان، وكل منكم أميرٌ على جيشه وحذيفة ما دمتم بعمان فهو أمير الناس، فإذا فرغمُم فاذهبوا إلى مهرة، فإذا فرغتُم منها فاذهب إلى اليمن وحضرموت فكن مع المُهاجر بن أبي أمية، ومن لقيته من المرتدة بين عمان إلى حضرموت واليمن فنكِّلْ به، فسار عكرمةُ لما أمره به الصديق، فلحق حذيفة وعرفجة قبل أن يصلا إلى عمان، وقد كتب إليهما الصديق إن ينتهيا إلى رأي عكرمة بعد الفراغِ من السير من عُمان أو المقام بها، فساروا فلما اقتربوا من عمان راسلوا جيفرًا، وبلغَ لقيطَ بن مالك مجيءُ الجيش، فخرجَ في جموعه فعسكر بمكانٍ يقال له: دبا (٣) ، وهي مصر تلك البلاد وسوقُها العُظمى، وجعل الذراري والأموال وراءَ ظهورهم ليكونَ أقوى لحربهم، واجتمع جيفر وعباد بمكانٍ يقال له صُحار (٤) ، فعسكرا به وبعثا إلى أمراء الصديق فقدموا على المسلمين، فتقابل الجيشان هنالك، وتقاتلوا قتالًا شديدًا، وابتُلي المسلمون وكادوا أن يُولُّوا، فمن الله
(١) خبر ردة أهل عمان ومهرة اليمن في تاريخ الطبري (٣/ ٣١٣) والكامل لابن الأثير (٢/ ٣٧٢)، وقال ياقوت: ومَهْرة - بالفتح ثم السكون - هكذا يرويه عامة الناس، والصحيح: مَهرة بالتحريك وجدته بخطوط جماعة من أئمة العلم القدماء لا يختلفون فيه. وباليمن لهم مخلات يقال بإسقاط المضاف إليه، وبينه وبين عمان نحو شهر وكذلك بينه وبين حضرموت. معجم البلدان (٥/ ٢٣٤). (٢) نبغ منه شاعر: خرج، ونبغ الشيء: ظهر اللسان (نبغ). (٣) دبا بفتح أوله والقصر: سوق من أسواق العرب بعمان وكانت قديمًا قصبة عمان. معجم البلدان (٢/ ٤٣٦). (٤) "صُحار": قصبة عُمان مما يلي الجبل، وتؤام قصبتها مما يلي الساحل، وقال البكري صحار في بلاد بني تميم باليمامة أو ما يليها. معجم البلدان (٣/ ٣٩٣) ومعجم ما استعجم (٨٢٥).

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