and the decisive conquests were won, and people entered Allah’s religion in multitudes, just as the Almighty says:
“When the help of Allah comes and the victory, and you see people entering the religion of Allah in throngs” (Sūrat al-Naṣr 1–2).(1)
I say: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ passed away after Allah had granted him the conquest of Madinah, Khaybar, Mecca, and most of Yemen and Ḥaḍramawt. He died leaving behind one hundred thousand—or more—Companions. In the closing days of his blessed life he wrote to all the kings of the earth, summoning them to Allah. Some responded, some hesitated, some sought a courteous accommodation to protect themselves, and some waxed arrogant and were thus thwarted and ruined—such as Chosroes son of Hormizd, who rebelled, transgressed, and grew haughty; his kingdom was therefore torn to pieces and his soldiers scattered like dust. After him, his successors—Abū Bakr, then ʿUmar, then ʿUthmān, then ʿAlī in immediate succession—opened the lands to the east and the west, from the Western Sea to the Eastern Sea, just as the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had said:
“The earth was folded up for me, so I saw its eastern and western extremes, and the dominion of my community will reach as far as what was folded up for me of it.”(1)
He ﷺ also said:
“When Caesar perishes there will be no Caesar after him, and when Chosroes perishes there will be no Chosroes after him. By the One in whose hand is my soul, you shall certainly expend both their treasures in the path of Allah.”(2)
Events unfolded exactly as he foretold: the Islamic realms encompassed Caesar’s empire and its strongholds—save Constantinople—and all the dominions of Chosroes, the lands of the East, and the furthest reaches of the West, until ʿUthmān, may Allah be pleased with him, was killed in the year 36 AH.
Just as all the inhabitants of the earth were overtaken by vengeance through Noah’s supplication—when he saw them persisting in error, disbelief, and depravity, he invoked Allah’s wrath upon them for the sake of Allah, His religion, and His message, and Allah answered him, became angry for his anger, and punished them on his account—so too the entire earth was encompassed by mercy through the blessing of Muḥammad’s message and his call. Those whom Allah willed believed, and the proof was established against those who disbelieved, as the Exalted says: “We have only sent you as a mercy to all the worlds” (21:107), and as he ﷺ said: “I am but a mercy bestowed.”(3)