Al-Rabīʿ ibn Nāfiʿ said: Muʿāwiyah ibn Salām narrated to me, from Zayd ibn Salām, who said that he heard Abū Salām say: ʿAbd-Allāh al-Hawzanī related to me:
I met Bilāl, the caller to prayer of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, in Aleppo and said, “O Bilāl, tell me how the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to spend.”
He replied, “He owned nothing at all; I was the one who handled that matter for him from the time Allah sent him until he passed away. Whenever a Muslim came to him and found him without a cloak, he would order me to go and borrow money, buy a mantle or whatever was needed, then clothe him and feed him.
“One day a man from the idolaters approached me and said, ‘O Bilāl, I am well-off, so do not borrow from anyone but me.’ I began borrowing from him. Then, on a certain day, after I had performed ablution and stood to give the call to prayer, that idolater appeared with a band of merchants. When he saw me he said, ‘O Ethiopian!’ I answered, ‘At your service.’ He scowled at me and said something harsh and severe: ‘Do you know how long until the end of the month?’ I said, ‘Soon.’ He replied, ‘Only four nights remain, and then I shall seize you for what you owe me. I did not lend to you out of respect for you or for your companion; I did it so that you would become my slave and herd sheep for me as you used to do.’
“What grips people’s hearts gripped mine. I went and gave the call to prayer, and when we had performed the night prayer and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had returned to his family, I sought permission to enter and he allowed me. I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah—may my father and mother be ransomed for you—the idolater from whom I borrow has said such-and-such. You have nothing with which to repay me, nor do I, and he will disgrace me. Permit me to go to some of these tribes that have embraced Islam until Allah provides His Messenger ﷺ with something to settle my debt.’
“I left and went home, placed my sword, spear, lance, and sandals by my head, and lay facing the horizon. Whenever I dozed off I awoke; if I saw that night still remained I slept again until the first streak of dawn appeared.
“I was about to leave when someone called, ‘O Bilāl, answer the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.’ I went to him and found four mounts kneeling, each carrying its load. I sought permission to enter, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:
‘Rejoice! Allah has brought you the means to settle your debt.’
“I praised Allah. He then asked, ‘Did you not pass by the four kneeling mounts?’ I replied, ‘Indeed.’ He said, ‘They—and everything on them—are yours.’ On them were clothing and food that had been sent as a gift to him by the chief of Fadak. ‘Take them,’ he said, ‘and pay off your debt.’
“So I did. I unloaded their burdens and tethered them, then gave the call to the dawn prayer. When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had prayed, I went out to the marketplace, placed my fingers in my ears and proclaimed, ‘Whoever is owed a debt by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, let him come.’ I kept selling, settling, and offering until no debt remained upon the Messenger of Allah ﷺ anywhere on earth. I even had a surplus of two uqiyyahs—or an uqiyyah and a half—left with me. Then I went to the mosque and