ʿAbd al-Razzāq (1) reported: Maʿmar informed us, from al-Zuhrī, who said: I heard Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyib say, “The Messenger of Allah ﷺ led eighteen campaigns.” I also heard him on another occasion say, “Twenty-four campaigns.” I do not know whether that was a slip, or something he learned (2) later on.

Qatādah (3) said: “The Messenger of Allah ﷺ undertook nineteen campaigns, fought in eight of them, and dispatched twenty-four detachments. Altogether, his campaigns and expeditions numbered forty-three.”

ʿUrwah ibn al-Zubayr, al-Zuhrī, Mūsā ibn ʿUqbah, Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasar, and other leading authorities in this field state that he ﷺ fought at Badr in Ramaḍān of the second year, then at Uḥud in Shawwāl of the third; then the Battle of the Trench and Banū Qurayẓah, also in Shawwāl of the fourth—some say the fifth; then Banū al-Muṣṭaliq at al-Muraysīʿ in Shaʿbān of the fifth; then Khaybar in Ṣafar of the seventh—others say the sixth, but the sound conclusion is that it occurred at the very beginning of year seven and the end of year six. He then fought the people of Mecca in Ramaḍān of the eighth, and fought Hawāzin and besieged the people of al-Ṭāʾif in Shawwāl and part of Dhū al-Qaʿdah (4) of that same year, as detailed earlier. In year eight the people performed the Ḥajj under ʿAttāb ibn Asīd, the governor of Mecca; in year nine Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq led the pilgrimage; and in year ten the Messenger of Allah ﷺ performed the Ḥajj with the Muslims.

Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq (5) said: “The total number of campaigns in which the Messenger of Allah ﷺ personally took part was twenty-seven.” (The campaign of Waddān, which is the campaign of al-Abwāʾ) (6), then the campaign of Buwāṭ toward the region of Raḍwā, then the campaign of al-ʿUshayrah in the valley of Yanbuʿ, then the first campaign of Badr in pursuit (7) of Kurz ibn Jābir, then the great campaign of Badr (8) in which (9) Allah slew the nobles of Quraysh, then the campaign against Banū Sulaym until he reached al-Kudr (10), then the campaign of al-Sawīq in pursuit (7) of Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb, then the campaign against Ghatafān, namely the campaign of Dhū Amr (11), then the campaign of Najrān, a mining district in the Ḥijāz, then the campaign of Uḥud, then Ḥamrāʾ al-Asad, then the campaign against Banū al-Naḍīr, then the campaign of Dhāt al-Riqāʿ in the region of Nakhl, then the second campaign of Badr, then the campaign of Dūmat al-Jandal, then