The Ninth Year after the Hijrah
The Expedition of Tabuk (1)
Rajab of that year
Allah the Exalted says:
“O you who believe, indeed the polytheists are impure, so let them not approach the Sacred Mosque after this, their year. If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you out of His bounty if He so wills; surely Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not embrace the religion of truth—among those who were given the Scripture—until they pay the jizyah directly, while humbled.”
(Qur’an 9:28–29)
It is related from Ibn ʿAbbās, Mujāhid, ʿIkrimah, Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, Qatādah, al-Ḍaḥḥāk and others that when Allah commanded that the idolaters be kept from approaching the Sacred Mosque during the pilgrimage and at other times, Quraysh said, “Our trade and our markets during the season of Hajj will be cut off; the profit we used to make from them will vanish.” Allah compensated them for that by ordering the fighting of the People of the Book until they either accept Islam or pay the jizyah by their own hand, in a state of humility.
I say: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ therefore resolved to confront the Byzantines, for they were the people nearest to him and thus the most entitled to be called to the truth, being closer to Islam and its followers. Allah the Exalted has said: “O you who believe, fight those disbelievers who are nearest to you, and let them find severity in you; and know that Allah is with the God-fearing.” (Qur’an 9:123)
When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ determined to march against the Byzantines in the year of Tabuk—during intense heat and a time of hardship—he made the matter plain to the people and summoned the surrounding Arab tribes to accompany him. A great number responded—nearly thirty thousand, as will be mentioned—while others stayed behind. Allah reproached those who remained without excuse, whether hypocrites or slackers, censured and rebuked them in the strongest terms, exposed them utterly, and revealed Qur’anic verses concerning them, clarifying their affair in