Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

The Ninth Year after the Hijrah

The Expedition of Tabuk (1)
Rajab of that year

Allah the Exalted says:
“O you who believe, indeed the polytheists are impure, so let them not approach the Sacred Mosque after this, their year. If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you out of His bounty if He so wills; surely Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not embrace the religion of truth—among those who were given the Scripture—until they pay the jizyah directly, while humbled.”
(Qur’an 9:28–29)

It is related from Ibn ʿAbbās, Mujāhid, ʿIkrimah, Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, Qatādah, al-Ḍaḥḥāk and others that when Allah commanded that the idolaters be kept from approaching the Sacred Mosque during the pilgrimage and at other times, Quraysh said, “Our trade and our markets during the season of Hajj will be cut off; the profit we used to make from them will vanish.” Allah compensated them for that by ordering the fighting of the People of the Book until they either accept Islam or pay the jizyah by their own hand, in a state of humility.

I say: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ therefore resolved to confront the Byzantines, for they were the people nearest to him and thus the most entitled to be called to the truth, being closer to Islam and its followers. Allah the Exalted has said: “O you who believe, fight those disbelievers who are nearest to you, and let them find severity in you; and know that Allah is with the God-fearing.” (Qur’an 9:123)

When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ determined to march against the Byzantines in the year of Tabuk—during intense heat and a time of hardship—he made the matter plain to the people and summoned the surrounding Arab tribes to accompany him. A great number responded—nearly thirty thousand, as will be mentioned—while others stayed behind. Allah reproached those who remained without excuse, whether hypocrites or slackers, censured and rebuked them in the strongest terms, exposed them utterly, and revealed Qur’anic verses concerning them, clarifying their affair in

(1) See its account in al-Iktifa' bi-Maghazi al-Rasul wa-al-Thalatha al-Khulafa' and al-Rawd al-Anf (vol. 7, p. 304), 'Uyun al-Athar (vol. 2, p. 292), Zad al-Ma'ad (vol. 3, p. 460), al-Fusul fi Sirat al-Rasul (p. 210), and Shudhurat al-Dhahab (vol. 1, p. 128) in my critical edition.
سنة تسعٍ من الهجرة ذكر غزوة تَبُوك (١) في رجبٍ منها قال الله تعالى: ﴿يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَذَا وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ (٢٨) قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴾ [التوبة: ٢٨ - ٢٩] . روي عن ابن عباسٍ، ومجاهدٍ، وعِكْرِمَة، وسعيد بن جُبيرٍ، وقتادة، والضَّحَّاك وغيرهم، أنه لما أمر الله تعالى أن يمنع المشركون من قُربان المسجد الحرام في الحجِّ وغيره قالت قريشٌ: لينقطعنَّ عنا المتاجر والأسواق أيام الحجِّ، وليذهبنَّ ما كنا نُصيب منها، فعوَّضهم الله عن ذلك بالأمر بقتال أهل الكتاب حتى يُسلموا أو يعطوا الجزية عن يدٍ وهم صاغرون. قلت: فعزم رسول الله ﷺ على قتال الرُّوم؛ لأنهم أقرب الناس إليه وأولى الناس بالدّعوة إلى الحقِّ؛ لقربهم إلى الإسلام وأهله. وقد قال الله تعالى: ﴿يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ يَلُونَكُمْ مِنَ الْكُفَّارِ وَلْيَجِدُوا فِيكُمْ غِلْظَةً وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ﴾ [التوبة: ١٢٣] . فلما عزم رسول الله ﷺ على غزو الرُّوم عام تَبُوك -وكان ذلك في حرٍّ شَديدٍ وضيق من الحال- جلَّى للناس أمرها ودعا من حوله من أحياء الأعراب للخروج معه، فأوعب معه بشرٌ كثيرٌ، كما سيأتي، قريبًا من ثلاثين ألفًا، وتخلَّف آخرون، فعاتب الله من تخلَّف منهم لغير عذرٍ من المنافقين والمقصِّرين، ولامهم ووبَّخهم وقرَّعهم أشدَّ التَّقريع، وفضحهم أشدَّ الفضيحة، وأنزل فيهم قرآنًا يُتلى وبيَّن أمرهم في
(١) انظر أخبارها في "الاكتفا بمغازي الرسول والثلاثة الخلفا" و "الروض الأنف" (٧/ ٣٠٤) و "عيون الأثر" (٢/ ٢٩٢) و"زاد المعاد" (٣/ ٤٦٠) و"الفصول في سيرة الرسول" ص (٢١٠) و "شذرات الذهب" (١/ ١٢٨) بتحقيقي.

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