Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

Ibn Ḥibbān recorded the report in his Ṣaḥīḥ, and al-Ḥākim in his Mustadrak through the transmission of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Ḥākim remarked, “It is sound according to the criteria of Muslim, yet Muslim did not record it.”(1)

Abū Dāwūd, al-Nasāʾī, Ibn Ḥibbān, and al-Ḥākim(2) likewise transmitted—through several chains—from Dāwūd ibn Abī Hind, from ʿIkrimah, from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said:

When the Day of Badr arrived, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ announced, “Whoever does such-and-such shall receive such-and-such.” The young men rushed forward, while the elders remained under the standards. When the spoils were gathered, the young men came to claim what had been promised them. The elders said, “Do not keep them to yourselves; we were your support, and had you been routed you would have fallen back upon us.” They disputed, whereupon Allah the Exalted revealed:
“They ask you about the spoils. Say, ‘The spoils belong to Allah and the Messenger, so fear Allah, set matters right among yourselves, and obey Allah and His Messenger if you are true believers.’” (al-Anfāl 1)

We have already cited other reports on the occasion of this verse’s revelation, whose full discussion would be lengthy here. The meaning is that the distribution of the spoils (anfāl) is referred to the judgment of Allah and His Messenger; they decide in them according to what benefits the servants in both this life and the next. For that reason He said: “The spoils belong to Allah and the Messenger; so fear Allah, set matters right among yourselves, and obey Allah and His Messenger if you are true believers.”

The Qurʾān then recounts what took place in the story of Badr until the verse:
“Know that whatever booty you acquire—indeed, one-fifth of it is for Allah and the Messenger, the relatives, the orphans, the needy, and the stranded traveller.” (al-Anfāl 41)

It appears that this verse clarifies Allah’s ruling on the spoils whose disposal was referred back to Him and to His Messenger ﷺ. Allah set it forth and legislated regarding it as He willed. This is the view of Ibn Zayd.(3)(4)

Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām(5)—may Allah have mercy on him—maintained that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ divided the spoils of Badr equally among the people without deducting one-fifth, and that the ruling of the fifth was revealed later, abrogating what preceded. Al-Wālibī transmitted the same from Ibn ʿAbbās, and it was also held by Mujāhid, ʿIkrimah, and al-Suddi. This, however, requires further consideration, and Allah knows best, for the context of the verses before and after the verse of the fifth all relates to the Battle of Badr, indicating that they were revealed together at one time with no interval that would allow one part to abrogate another.

Furthermore, the two Ṣaḥīḥs(7) relate from ʿAlī—may Allah be pleased with him—concerning the incident of his two she-camels whose humps Ḥamzah had cut off, that he said: “Indeed…"

(1) Narrated by Ibn Hibban (no. 4855) and al-Hakim in al-Mustadrak (2:135–136). (2) Narrated by Abu Dawud (no. 2737), al-Nasa’i in al-Sunan al-Kubra (no. 11197), Ibn Hibban (no. 5093) in al-Ihsan, and al-Hakim in al-Mustadrak (2:326–327); it is a sahih hadith. (3) In the ṭ edition: “Abi.” The correct reading, according to the author’s Tafsir (3:549) and at-Tabari (9:178), is Abdur-Rahman ibn Zayd ibn Aslam; see Tahdhib al-Kamal (17:114). (4) That is, Ibn Zayd holds that the verse yas’alunaka ’ani al-anfal (They ask you concerning the spoils [of war]) is muhkam (definitive) and not abrogated, contrary to Abu Ubayd’s assertion in Kitab al-Amwal (p. 384). (5) See Kitab al-Amwal, p. 384. (6) The particle “an” was omitted in edition A and restored from the ṭ edition to complete the meaning. (7) Narrated by al-Bukhari (2375; 3091) and Muslim (1979).
ورواه ابن حبّان في "صحيحه" ، والحاكم في "مستدركه" من حديث عبد الرحمن، وقال الحاكم: صحيحٌ على شرط مسلمٍ، ولم يخرجه (١) . وقد روى أبو داود، والنّسائيّ، وابن حبّان، والحاكم (٢) من طرقٍ، عن داود بن أبي هندٍ، عن عكرمة، عن ابن عباسٍ قال: لمّا كان يوم بدرٍ، قال رسول اللَّه ﷺ : "من صنع كذا وكذا فله كذا وكذا" . فتسارع في ذلك شبّان الرِّجال، وبقي الشيوخ تحت الرايات، فلمّا كانت الغنائم جاؤوا يطلبون الذي جعل لهم، فقال الشّيوخ: لا تستأثروا علينا؛ فإنّا كنّا ردءًا لكم، ولو انكشفتم لفئتم إلينا. فتنازعوا، فأنزل اللَّه تعالى: ﴿يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْأَنْفَالِ قُلِ الْأَنْفَالُ لِلَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَأَصْلِحُوا ذَاتَ بَيْنِكُمْ وَأَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ﴾. وقد ذكرنا في سبب نزول هذه الآية آثارًا أخر يطول بسطها ها هنا، ومعنى الكلام أنّ الأنفال مرجعها إلى حكم اللَّه ورسوله، يحكمان فيها بما فيه المصلحة للعباد في المعاش والمعاد، ولهذا قال تعالى: ﴿الْأَنْفَالُ لِلَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَأَصْلِحُوا ذَاتَ بَيْنِكُمْ وَأَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ﴾. ثم ذكر ما وقع في قصة بدرٍ، وما كان من الأمر حتى انتهى إلى قوله تعالى: ﴿وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ﴾ الآية [الأنفال: ٤١] فالظاهر أنّ هذه الآية مبيّنةٌ لحكم اللَّه في الأنفال، الذي جعل مردّه إليه وإلى رسوله ﷺ ، فبيّنه تعالى، وحكم فيها بما أراد تعالى، وهو قول ابن (٣) زيدٍ (٤) ، وقد زعم أبو عبيدٍ القاسم بن سلّامٍ (٥) ، (رحمه الله) ، أنّ رسول اللَّه ﷺ قسم غنائم بدرٍ على السّواء بين الناس، ولم يخمّسها، ثم نزل بيان الخمس بعد ذلك ناسخًا لما تقدّم، وهكذا روى الوالبيّ، عن ابن عباسٍ، وبه قال مجاهدٌ، وعكرمة والسّدّيّ، وفي هذا نظرٌ، واللَّه أعلم؛ فإنّ سياق الآيات قبل آية الخمس وبعدها، كلّها في غزوة بدرٍ، فيقتضي [أنَّ] (٦) ذلك نزل جملةً في وقتٍ واحدٍ غير متفاصلٍ بتأخّرٍ يقتضي نسخ بعضه بعضًا، ثم في "الصحيحين" (٧) عن عليٍّ، (رضي الله عنه) ، أنّه قال في قصة شارفَيه اللَّذين اجتبّ أَسْنَمَتَهُما حمزة: إنّ
(١) رواه ابن حبان (٤٨٥٥) والحاكم في "المستدرك" (٢/ ١٣٥ - ١٣٦). (٢) رواه أبو داود (٢٧٣٧) والنسائي في "السنن الكبرى" (١١١٩٧) وابن حبان (٥٠٩٣) "الإحسان" والحاكم في "المستدرك" (٢/ ٣٢٦ - ٣٢٧)، وهو حديث صحيح. (٣) في (ط): "أبي". والتصحيح من "التفسير" للمؤلف (٣/ ٥٤٩) و"الطبري" (٩/ ١٧٨) فهو عبد الرحمن بن زيد بن أسلم، وانظر "تهذيب الكمال" (١٧/ ١١٤). (٤) يعني أن ابن زيد قال بأن آية: ﴿يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْأَنْفَالِ. . .﴾ محكمة وليست منسوخة كما قال أبو عبيد في كتابه "الأموال" ص (٣٨٤). (٥) انظر "كتاب الأموال" ص (٣٨٤). (٦) لفظ "أن" سقط من (أ) وأثبته من (ط) لتمام المعنى. (٧) رواه البخاري (٢٣٧٥) و (٣٠٩١) ومسلم (١٩٧٩).

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