They countered this position with the ḥadīth transmitted by al-Ḥasan from Samura on the matter,(1) and Allah knows best.
Among the captives was Abū al-ʿĀṣ ibn al-Rabīʿ ibn ʿAbd Shams ibn Umayya, the husband of Zaynab, the Prophet’s daughter (peace and blessings be upon him).(2)
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The Companions differed over the prisoners: should they be put to death or ransomed? They held two opinions. Imām Aḥmad(3) relates: “ʿAlī ibn ʿĀṣim narrated to us, from Ḥumayd, from Anas—who mentioned another man—from al-Ḥasan, who said:
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) consulted the people about the prisoners on the Day of Badr and said, ‘Allah, exalted is He, has delivered them into your hands.’
ʿUmar stood and said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, strike their necks.’
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) turned away from him. He then repeated, ‘People, Allah has delivered them into your hands, and only yesterday they were your brothers.’
[He—al-Ḥasan—said:] ʿUmar again rose and said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, strike their necks.’ The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) again turned away. Then he addressed the people with the same words, whereupon Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq stood and said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, in our view you should spare them and accept a ransom from them.’
The distress vanished from the face of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him); he pardoned them and accepted the ransom.
Then Allah, Most High, revealed: ‘Had it not been for a decree from Allah that had already preceded, a severe punishment would have afflicted you for what you took’ (Q 8:68). This wording is recorded only by Aḥmad.
Imām Aḥmad(6)—the wording is his—together with Muslim, Abū Dāwūd, and al-Tirmidhī, who deemed it sound, as did ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī, relate through the isnād of ʿIkrima ibn ʿAmmār: Samāk al-Ḥanafī Abū Zumayl reported to us, ‘Ibn ʿAbbās told me, “ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb told me:
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) looked at his Companions on the Day of Badr when they were a little more than three hundred, and he looked at the idolaters, who were over a thousand…”—he continued the narration until he said—‘Seventy of them were killed and seventy were taken captive. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) then consulted Abū Bakr, ʿAlī, and ʿUmar.
Abū Bakr said, “O Messenger of Allah, they are cousins, clansmen, and brothers. I think you should accept a ransom from them; what we take will strengthen us against the disbelievers, and perhaps Allah will guide them so that they become supporters for us.”
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) then asked, “What do you think, son of al-Khaṭṭāb?”
I replied, “By Allah …”