Al-Bidayah wa an-NihayahIbn Kathir

• Muhammad ﷺ stipulates that no one may obstruct the rightful pursuit of vengeance for a wound. Whoever commits treachery does so only against himself—unless he has been wronged—and Allah is the Guarantor of what follows.

• The Jews shall bear their own expenses and the Muslims theirs. Between them is mutual support against anyone who wages war on the people of this document.

• They owe each other sincerity, good counsel, and righteousness, never sin. No man shall incur guilt on account of his ally, and help is due to the one who is wronged.

• [The Jews shall contribute to war-expenses together with the believers as long as they remain at war.]

• The interior of Yathrib is inviolable for the people of this document.

• A neighbor is like one’s very self: he is neither to be harmed nor to commit harm. No sanctuary may be granted except with the permission of its people.

• Any incident or dispute that arises among the signatories and is feared to cause corruption shall be referred to Allah and to Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah. Allah stands surety for the most God-fearing and just provisions contained herein.

• No protection is to be extended to Quraysh or to anyone who supports them. Mutual assistance is incumbent upon the parties against whoever launches a sudden attack on Yathrib.

• If they are called to a treaty of peace, they must accept it and abide by it; and if they are likewise invited, they enjoy the same right vis-à-vis the believers—except those who fight over religion. Every group is responsible for the sector that faces it.

• This document shall not shield a wrongdoer or a sinner. Whoever goes out is safe, and whoever remains is safe in Madinah, except one who commits oppression or sin. Allah is the Protector of whoever acts righteously and fears Him.

Ibn Isḥāq transmitted the document in similar wording. Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām (d. 224 AH) discussed it at length in Kitāb al-Gharīb and elsewhere, in passages too long to cite here.

Section: The Prophet’s ﷺ Establishment of Brotherhood between the Emigrants and the Helpers, so that the Emigrant might benefit from the Helper

As Allah Most High says:

“Those who settled in the city and embraced the faith before them love those who migrated to them; they find no desire in their hearts for what the latter are given, but give them preference over themselves, even though they themselves are in hardship. Whoever is saved from the stinginess of his own soul—it is they who will prosper.” [al-Hashr 9]

And He says:

“And those with whom you have made covenants, give them their due; surely Allah is Witness over all things.” [al-Nisāʾ 33]

(1) In the ṭ edition: yanhajar (with the n and w omitted); in the Sirah and al-Rawd: yanhajiz (with z); the reading supported by ḥ. The meaning, God knows best, is that the slain person’s right is upheld and the killer receives his due, and silence on this is impermissible. Indeed, in al-Nihayah (Hajar, vol. 1, p. 342): “When his wound tahajjar (hardened)—that is, it united, healed, and its parts drew together.” (2) The same reading, ‘ala abarr hadha, appears in ḥ, ṭ, and in the Sirah and al-Rawd: that is, “with acceptance.” (3) In ṭ: harfuha; in ḥ: khawfuha; the reading confirmed by the Sirah, al-Rawd, and al-Amwal is haramun jawfaha. (4) In ḥ: istihbar; the reading supported by ṭ, the Sirah, and al-Rawd. (5) In ḥ: insan; the reading supported by ṭ, the Sirah, and al-Rawd. (6) See the verification of the report in note 3, p. 504. (7) In the Usul it appears as ’aaqadat (with an alif), which is al-Bukhari’s recitation; this reading is adopted by Ibn Kathir, Nafiʿ, Abu ’Amr, and Ibn ’Amir. ’Asim, Hamza, and al-Kisai read ’aqadat (without the alif). See al-Sabʿah of Ibn Mujahid (p. 233) and al-Kashf of al-Qaysi (1/388).
محمد [ ﷺ ] ، ولا يَتَحَجَّرُ (١) على ثأرٍ جُرْح، وإنه مَنْ فَتَكَ فبنفسه، إلا من ظُلم، وإن اللَّه على أثر (٢) هذا، وإن على اليهود نفقتهم وعلى المسلمين نفقتُهم، وإن بينهم النصرَ على من حارب أهلَ هذه الصحيفة، وإنَّ بينهم النصحَ والنَّصيحة والبرَّ دون الإثم، وإنَّه لم يأثم امرؤ بحَلِيفه، وإنَّ النصرَ للمظلوم، [وإن اليهود ينفقون مع المؤمنين ما داموا محاربين] وإنَّ يثرب حرام جَوْفُها (٣) لأهل هذه الصحيفة، وإن الجار كالنفس غير مضار ولا آثم، وإنه لا تجار حرمة إلا بإذن أهلها، وإنه ما كان بين أهل هذه الصحيفة من حَدَثٍ أو اشتجارٍ (٤) يُخاف فسادُه فإن مرَدَّه إلى اللَّه وإلى محمدٍ رسولِ اللَّه، وإن اللَّه على أتقى ما في هذه الصحيفة وأبرِّه، وإنه لا تُجارُ قريش ولا من نصرها، وإن بينهم النَّصْر على مَنْ دَهِم يثرب، وإذا دُعُوا إلى صلْح يصالحونه ويَلْبَسونه فإنهم يصالحونه وإنهم إذا دعوا إلى مثل ذلك فإنه لهم على المؤمنين إلا مَنْ حارب في الدين على كل أناس (٥) حصَّتهم من جانبهم الذي قِبَلهم، وإنه لا يحول هذا الكتاب دون ظالمٍ أو آثم، وإنه من خرج آمنٌ، ومن قعد آمنٌ بالمدينة إلا من ظَلَم أو أثم، وإنَّ اللَّه جارٌ لمن برَّ واتَّقى". كذا أوردهُ ابنُ إسحاق بنحوه. وقد تكلَّم عليه أبو عُبيد القاسمُ بن سلام (رحمه الله) في كتاب الغَريب وغيره (٦) بما يطول ذكره. فصل في مؤاخاة النبيِّ ﷺ بين المهاجرين والأنصار ليرتفق المهاجريُّ بالأنصاريّ كما قال تعالى: ﴿وَالَّذِينَ تَبَوَّءُوا الدَّارَ وَالْإِيمَانَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ يُحِبُّونَ مَنْ هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَجِدُونَ فِي صُدُورِهِمْ حَاجَةً مِمَّا أُوتُوا وَيُؤْثِرُونَ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَلَوْ كَانَ بِهِمْ خَصَاصَةٌ وَمَنْ يُوقَ شُحَّ نَفْسِهِ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ﴾ [الحشر: ٩] وقال تعالى: ﴿وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتْ (٧) أَيْمَانُكُمْ فَآتُوهُمْ نَصِيبَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدًا﴾ [النساء: ٣٣] .
(١) في ط: ينحجر. بالنون والواو المهملة وفي السيرة والروض: ينحجز بالزاي، والمثبت من ح، والمعنى واللَّه أعلم: أن القتيل يؤخذ بحقه، وأن القاتل يلقى جزاءه ولا يمكن السكوت عنه. فقد جاء في النهاية (حجر/ ١/ ٣٤٢): "لما تحجَّر جُرْحُه، أي اجتمع والتأم وقرب بعضه من بعض". (٢) كذا في ح، ط وفي السيرة والروض: على أبرِّ هذا. أي على الرضا. (٣) في ط: حرفها، وفي ح: خوفها، والمثبت من السيرة والروض والأموال، وفيه: حرَمٌ جَوْفها. (٤) في ح: استحبار. والمثبت من ط والسيرة والروض. (٥) في ح: إنسان. والمثبت من ط والسيرة والروض. (٦) انظر تخريج الخبر في الحاشية (٣) ص (٥٠٤). (٧) في الأصول ﴿عاقدَتْ﴾، وهي رواية البخاري؛ وبها قرأ ابن كثير ونافع وأبو عمرو وابن عامر، وقرأ عاصم وحمزة والكسائي ﴿عَقَدَتْ﴾ بغير ألف. انظر السبعة لابن مجاهد ص (٢٣٣) والكشف للقيسي (١/ ٣٨٨).

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