In whichever state he was—sleeping or awake (1)—all of it is genuine and true.
I say: Ibn Isḥāq suspended judgment on the matter and, in general terms, allowed for both possibilities; yet what admits of no doubt or dispute is that the Prophet was awake (2), without question, for the reasons mentioned earlier. Nor does ʿĀʾishah’s—may Allah be pleased with her—statement imply, as Ibn Isḥāq assumed, that because his blessed body ﷺ was not missing the Journey must have taken place only in his spirit and therefore in a dream. Rather, the Isrāʾ may well have occurred to his soul in reality while he was fully conscious—he mounted al-Burāq, reached Jerusalem, ascended the heavens, and beheld what he beheld in truth—while awake, not asleep (3). This is most probably what ʿĀʾishah, Mother of the Believers, and those who followed her intended, not what Ibn Isḥāq understood, namely that they were speaking of a dream. Allah knows best.
Note: We do not deny that a dream resembling the later events may have preceded the Night Journey, for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ never saw a vision except that it came as bright as daybreak. Something similar has already been mentioned in the ḥadīth on the beginning of Revelation: he was shown in a dream what would later occur to him while awake, as a form of prior confirmation, preparation, assurance, and comfort. Allah knows best.
Scholars (4) have differed over whether the Isrāʾ and the Miʿrāj took place in the same night or on separate nights. Some claim that the Isrāʾ occurred while he was awake, and the Miʿrāj in a dream. Al-Muhallab ibn Abī Ṣufrah, in his commentary on al-Bukhārī (5), reports that one group held the view that the Isrāʾ happened twice (6): once in spirit, as a dream, and once in both body and spirit, while awake. The ḥadīth scholar Abū’l-Qāsim al-Suhaylī likewise relates this view from his teacher the jurist Abū Bakr ibn al-ʿArabī, saying: “This interpretation reconciles the narrations, for in Shurayk’s report from Anas the Prophet speaks of what his heart saw while his eyes slept, though his heart did not.” (7) At the end of that report he adds: “Then I awoke to find myself in the Ḥijr” (8)—which points to a dream—whereas other reports point to wakefulness.
Others contend that the Isrāʾ occurred several times while he was awake; some have even said there were four Night Journeys. Still others allege that one of them took place in Medina, and Shaykh Shihāb al-Dīn Abū Shāmah—may Allah have mercy on him—tried to reconcile the divergent