by His will and power, or that He has never ceased to “do whatever He wills,” and every other wording that affirms Him to be the true Agent of these acts, then this class of actions is eternal; and whatever is necessarily eternal cannot lapse into non-existence. This makes it impossible for the Lord’s action ever to come to an end—precisely the opposite of al-Jahm’s claim, for in his view the divine act must cease and be cut off, and its everlasting continuation is as impossible for him in the future as it was in the past. According to him, therefore, God must always have been non-acting in the past and will likewise be non-acting for all eternity once Paradise and Hellfire perish.
The upshot of his position is that God was eternally incapable, then became capable, and will become incapable once more; for he says: “Whatever has a beginning must also have an end.”
If, however, it is affirmed that the Lord has always been capable of acting and speaking by His will—that He has ever been speaking when He wills and doing whatever He wills—then there must exist a series that has no first beginning and whose beginnings are without end. To suppose that such a series could come to a halt is therefore false.
Thus, when it is alleged that the succession of events stopped at the Flood or at the Hijrah, and someone adds, “It may be supposed (1) that the Lord will henceforth perform no act,” that supposition contradicts reality and is in fact impossible. And if it is said, “One may imagine (2) a mental division between what has already occurred and what is still to come,” this mental construct does not alter the facts: the act itself remains perpetual. Once such a line is drawn in the mind, one has already assumed that the past events have ended at that point.
Now, whatever has ended is open to increase and decrease, for any finite set of occurrences can admit augmentation or diminution. These matters are treated in detail elsewhere (3); here we have merely pointed out the root of al-Jahm’s doctrine, the premise that obliged him to assert the annihilation of Paradise and Hellfire—so far did he go in denying this that