such as the Mu‘tazilah, the Najjāriyyah, and the philosophers—deny the vision of Allah. They argue that this would require Him to be in a particular direction relative to the beholder and to be a body occupying space, both of which they deny of Him.

The question of the vision was the greatest point of division between the Sunnis who affirm the divine attributes and the Jahmiyyah. Scholars of hadith and the Sunnah would therefore compose books affirming it, with titles such as The Book of the Vision and the Refutation of the Jahmiyyah. The same applies to the hadiths concerning the vision and related matters that the Jahmiyyah reject. They regarded anyone who denied the vision as one who negates the divine attributes.

Al-Khallāl said in The Book of the Sunnah: “I was informed by