It has thus become clear that positions concerning the existence of the Real fall into several levels. Whoever says that He is absolute existence holds a position that is self-evidently false. Whoever says that He is distinguished by negative attributes, such as the impossibility of His nonexistence and the like, holds a comparable position—indeed, the very same one.

Whoever says that He is distinguished by certain substantive attributes, such as His knowledge and power, is told: Even if these are unique to Him, there must be an essence characterized by the attribute in question, and that essence must have a reality of its own by which it is distinguished from all other realities. The fourth position—that He has a reality unique to Him—is the correct one.

It is known that an existent is considered in terms of itself, its attributes, and its power, although the term “attribute” encompasses its magnitude and also entails its essence.