and the Jahmiyyah after their respective leaders. This is mistaken: it is inconceivable that an entire people would deny this, or that a rational person would persist in denying it. The intellect may, however, suffer a kind of impairment, just as the senses may. Someone may then deny this for as long as that illness and temporary affliction affect his intellect or senses. But that this should constitute a doctrine or school of thought professed by a group of rational people living among other human beings is inconceivable.

Confusion has, however, arisen in this account. The word is an Arabicized borrowing whose Greek original is sūfasqiyā, meaning “specious wisdom.” For sūfiyā in Greek means wisdom; hence they say fīlāsūfā, meaning “lover of wisdom.” They divided wisdom based on syllogistic reasoning into five kinds: